Deck 14: Health and Illness

Question 1

When film legend Marilyn Monroe committed suicide,demographers noted a sharp increase in suicide rates in the following month.Which theory would best explain the increase in rates?

A) contagion
B) psychological
C) selection
D) ecological

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In the 1990s,legal researcher Erin Brockovich helped win a lawsuit against Pacific Gas and Electric Company because it had been poisoning the water in the small town of Hinkley,California,for thirty years.Toxic Chromium 6 leached into the water system and sickened many Hinkley residents with ailments like liver damage and cancer.How would the illnesses of the Hinkley residents be classified?

A) crisis diseases
B) curative diseases
C) acute diseases
D) chronic diseases

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When we focus on making a person comfortable at the end of life,we are practicing ________ care.

A) palliative
B) crisis
C) chronic
D) preventive

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Television announcer Al Roker and singer Carnie Wilson have both undergone stomach stapling,or gastric bypass surgery,as a radical and invasive approach to weight loss.Previously,weight loss was not usually considered a medical problem that could be addressed through surgery.This is evidence of:

A) increases in psychiatric approaches to care.
B) medicalization and the social construction of health and illness.
C) an approach to an acute condition.
D) how people today tend to follow television stars' behavior.

Question 5

________ diseases come on suddenly and are often contagious.

A) Crisis
B) Acute
C) Curative
D) Preventive

Question 6

In the opening of the chapter,the authors note that residents of Las Vegas have 50 percent greater odds of committing suicide than people who do not live in Las Vegas,and that visitors' risk of suicide doubles while there.Which theory of suicide would assert that Vegas residents and tourists are disproportionately prone to impulsiveness?

A) contagion
B) selection
C) ecological
D) psychological

Question 7

Sid feels horrible.He goes to his doctor,who tells Sid he has got a bad cold and should be feeling better soon.How would Sid's illness be classified?

A) chronic
B) acute
C) crisis
D) preventive

Question 8

In the early 1900s,just under 50 percent of births took place at home.Today,around 99 percent of all births take place in hospitals.This is an example of:

A) chronic care.
B) medicalization.
C) palliative care.
D) the tragedy of the commons.

Question 9

Good health is:

A) historically and socially contingent.
B) biologically determined.
C) unrelated to culture.
D) consistent around the world.

Question 10

Which theoretical explanation for suicide argues that when one person commits suicide,this can set off a cluster of other suicides?

A) psychological
B) contagion
C) selection
D) ecological

Question 11

Why is it important to address that,today,approximately 75 percent of patients die in hospitals or nursing homes in the United States?

A) It helps researchers find data on cause of death.
B) It indicates that death is a major life event.
C) It shows how death has been medicalized.
D) It is a sign that more people are dying earlier.

Question 12

One organization that conducts large-scale research studies specifically on American college students to determine health behaviors and develop support programs and services for them on a wide variety of health-related issues is the ________.

A) World Health Organization
B) United Nations
C) Surgeon General's office
D) American College Health Association

Question 13

Ori went to eat at his favorite restaurant and unfortunately got food poisoning.His illness was treated right away.This type of illness would be classified as:

A) palliative.
B) chronic.
C) acute.
D) lifestyle based.

Question 14

Single-industry resource towns built around either excavating raw materials like coal or lumber or transporting them by train tend to spring up suddenly.Many people move there to work for the company,and the rate of change is fast: one day there is a forest,the next,a growing town built around mobile homes in the bush.There are often few if any other things to do besides work.Rates of depression tend to be high.Which theoretical explanation for suicide would explain the higher rates of depression that can lead to suicide in places like this?

A) selection
B) psychological
C) contagion
D) ecological

Question 15

What do sociologists ask you to consider regarding health and illness?

A) how biomedical models are superior to other explanations
B) the physical roots of health and illness
C) how health and illness are shaped by social factors
D) their similarities throughout the world

Question 16

The fact that the top causes of death in the United States are due to chronic illness while people in the developing world are continually affected by the threat of acute illnesses indicates that:

A) illness is a biological event.
B) palliative care is necessary.
C) illness is impacted by social factors.
D) we can prevent deaths in the United States but not in the developing world.

Question 17

Kea tries to take good care of herself.She works out regularly,gets plenty of rest,and eats well.Her approach to health is most closely aligned with:

A) palliative medicine.
B) chronic illness.
C) preventive medicine.
D) lifestyle medicine.

Question 18

Which theoretical explanation for suicide emphasizes there must be something about a place that makes people suicidal?

A) psychological
B) contagion
C) selection
D) ecological

Question 19

A popular television program called The Swan aimed to turn less visually appealing people into more socially acceptable ones by radically changing their appearance through plastic surgery,as well as through clothing,style,and makeup artistry.This is an example of:

A) medicalization and the social construction of health and illness.
B) the rise of the new naturalists.
C) acute care transformations.
D) a way to finally address the failure of willpower.

Question 20

Many countries around the world have national policies or guidelines on how to report suicides.These policies range from not using the term "suicide" to describe a death to being careful to use words that do not in any way romanticize the act or show it in a positive light.Policies may also restrict the amount of news coverage of suicides.Which theoretical stance would best explain these types of policies and guidelines?

A) psychological
B) contagion
C) selection
D) ecological

Question 21

________ gather and analyze data on particular illnesses;how,where,and to whom they are spread;and how to stop their spread.

A) Sociologists
B) Psychologists
C) Epidemiologists
D) Entomologists

Question 22

Malaria is a serious health concern in Cambodia.In some villages,especially those surrounded by forests,the rate of malaria infection is 40 percent.Due to your extensive professional experience with the study of social disease patterns,you have been asked to research the problem for the World Health Organization.You are most likely a(n):

A) psychologist.
B) political economist.
C) entomologist.
D) epidemiologist.

Question 23

AIDS is distributed disproportionately throughout the world.Approximately ________ of cases occur in the wealthy,industrialized nations.

A) 1 percent
B) 4 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 14 percent

Question 24

King and Bearman found that in the years when the diagnostic criteria of autism changed,the odds of a patient being diagnosed with autism:

A) increased.
B) decreased.
C) remained stable.
D) fluctuated.

Question 25

Jorge recently learned that he has a mental illness.Since then,he has begun to act according to the illness,in ways that he thinks others expect someone with a mental illness to act.Which theory of health and illness best explains his situation?

A) doctor-patient confidentiality
B) developmental sociology
C) conflict
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 26

Michael Moore's film Sicko explores the U.S.health-care system and compares it to other nations' health-care systems through the eyes of everyday people.One segment tells the story of a little girl in the United States who needed an expensive surgery to restore her hearing.The insurance company agreed to perform the surgery on one ear,but not both.They reasoned that the child would be able to hear out of one ear and did not really need to have hearing in both.The child's parents sent a letter to the insurance company explaining that they were being interviewed by Moore for the film,adding,"Has your CEO ever been in a film before?" Shortly after this,the insurance company notified the family that the child's surgery had been approved.Which theory best explains this family's experience?

A) socialized medicine theory
B) structural functionalism
C) conflict
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 27

Liu,King,and Bearman (2010)found that independent of other factors,children living near other children diagnosed with autism are more likely to also be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.this demonstrates that autism spectrum disorder is:

A) contagious.
B) more common in certain geographic regions.
C) a social phenomenon.
D) not a real disorder.

Question 28

As the process of ________ develops,we will be less likely to treat someone who has a mental health issue as having something he or she should just "deal with" or "get over" individually.Instead,we will be more likely to think of the issue as having to do with a disease.

A) medicalization
B) acute care
C) hospitalization
D) the professionalization of doctors

Question 29

What is the study of the social aspects of diseases?

A) pharmacology
B) demography
C) entomology
D) epidemiology

Question 30

Since AIDS was identified in the early 1980s,approximately ________ people have died from having contracted the virus.

A) 39 million
B) 250 thousand
C) 3 million
D) 100 million

Question 31

When the incidence of a particular infectious disease is drastically larger than first estimated,this is referred to as a(n):

A) epidemic.
B) pandemic.
C) epidemiology.
D) distribution issue.

Question 32

Epidemiologists are currently studying the role of ________ in the spread of diseases globally.

A) deforestation
B) La Niña
C) La Niño
D) climate change

Question 33

HIV/AIDS is considered a(n):

A) epidemic.
B) pandemic.
C) crisis.
D) event.

Question 34

Asperger's syndrome,one disorder in the autism spectrum family,first appeared in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)in 1994 and was later removed in the fifth edition in 2013,to be folded back into autism spectrum disorder.This is an example of:

A) changing professional norms.
B) indecisiveness.
C) medicalization.
D) a social movement.

Question 35

When an epidemic spreads across national borders,across continents,or around the world,it is referred to as a(n):

A) epidemiology.
B) epidemiological force.
C) sick wave.
D) pandemic.

Question 36

The 26.4 percent increase in California's caseload of autism spectrum disorder between 1992 and 2005 was the result of:

A) dietary changes.
B) diagnostic changes.
C) advanced maternal age.
D) increased exposure to environmental toxins.

Question 37

Epidemiologists take into account the role of global climate change and its relationship to the spread of disease.In rural areas of Cambodia,epidemiologists have noted that social patterns are linked to the spread of mosquito-borne illness.Which of the following would they consider?

A) the excessive cost of mosquito nets
B) changes in use of the forests-logging or military use
C) intense cultural aversions to bug spray
D) increases in the use of antiretroviral drugs

Question 38

People of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to be scrutinized as problem drinkers or drug addicts.Which theory takes this approach to understanding addiction?

A) structural functionalism
B) conflict
C) developmental sociology
D) sick role

Question 39

In the early twentieth century women who had children out of wedlock were considered to be "feeble-minded" or to suffer from mental retardation and more likely to give birth to children who were also feeble-minded.Today,this attitude seems ridiculous.This is an example of:

A) preventative medicine techniques.
B) epidemiological change.
C) the social construction of mental illness.
D) developmental genealogy.

Question 40

Drugs and alcohol are used as an escape from the strains of the social system.Which theory takes this approach to understanding addiction?

A) structural functionalism
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionism
D) sick role

Question 41

The documentary Unnatural Causes explores the lives of several Louisville,Kentucky,residents at different socioeconomic status levels and from various racial backgrounds.It found that poorer Louisville residents suffered greater rates of illness and died earlier than wealthier ones.What is this an example of?

A) deprivation amplification
B) food deserts
C) environmental racism
D) impression management

Question 42

Dana,a female,and Rio,a male,are both sixty years old and from the same socioeconomic background.Based on information from Chapter 14 of your text,what health prediction could we make about them?

A) Rio is more likely than Dana to get cancer or diabetes.
B) Dana is more likely to suffer from heart disease than Rio.
C) Rio is less likely than Dana to have a stroke.
D) Dana is more likely than Rio to suffer from depression.

Question 43

According to your textbook,if you live in a(n)________ ,you are at increased risk of obesity,diabetes,or heart disease.

A) densely populated urban area
B) sparsely populated rural area
C) East Coast city
D) food desert

Question 44

Epidemiologists predict that rates of certain diseases or viruses may dramatically increase when vector organisms and animals enter new ecosystems due to global climate change.Which of the following have epidemiologists linked to climate change?

A) diabetes
B) obesity
C) malaria
D) HIV/AIDS

Question 45

Is medicine in the United States a social institution?

A) Yes, because doctors need licenses to practice.
B) No, because it is more of an ideal than a social institution.
C) Yes, because organizations like the American Medical Association set policy and shape definitions of health and illness throughout the nation.
D) No, because organizations like the American Medical Association are brick-and-mortar places and not really large-scale patterns of interaction.

Question 46

Which of the following is an effect of food deserts for minorities?

A) They are only located in densely populated urban areas.
B) They are only located in sparsely populated rural areas.
C) There is access to fresh meats but not vegetables or fruits.
D) There is higher risk of diabetes, obesity, and heart disease.

Question 47

You are an American with a lower socioeconomic status.You are a racial minority,live in public housing,and did finish high school but work at a physically labor-intensive job.You are supporting a family of four on your wages.It is likely that you:

A) have a number of ailments, like arthritis and asthma.
B) will have a slightly higher life expectancy.
C) report having good physical well-being.
D) engage in regular good health practices.

Question 48

Dean is an upper-middle class American.He lives in an affluent area,holds a bachelor's degree,and has a great job.It is likely that his health status is:

A) marginal.
B) excellent.
C) middling.
D) poor.

Question 49

Epidemiologists predict that ________ rates may dramatically increase when vector organisms and animals enter new ecosystems due to global climate change.

A) heart disease
B) obesity
C) plague
D) cancer

Question 50

Epidemiologists are currently studying the role of temperature increases in the spread of diseases globally.Specifically,they have found that increases in temperature can also increase pathogen-carrying agents called:

A) vector organisms.
B) infectious agents.
C) mosquitoes.
D) pathogens.

Question 51

Marcia,a female,and Mario,a male,are both fifty-year-old Hispanics.Marcia has a similar socioeconomic status to Mario,but both of them adhere closely to traditional gender role expectations.According to information from Chapter 14,what prediction could we make about them?

A) Marcia will live a longer life than Mario.
B) Mario will live a longer life than Marcia.
C) Mario will suffer from more disease in his lifetime than Marcia.
D) Marcia will not divorce in her lifetime.

Question 52

________ carry and spread germs in geographic locations around the world.

A) Pathogens
B) Vector organisms
C) Ecosystem deterrents
D) Infectious agents

Question 53

C.Wright Mills used the term "the sociological imagination" to refer to important interconnections between personal troubles and public issues.What would he have said about deprivation amplification?

A) Public issues cause poor health, so work needs to be done to more properly address disease rates solely at the public level.
B) Personal troubles cause poor health, so work needs to be done to more properly address disease rates solely at the personal level.
C) Both public issues and personal troubles contribute to poor health, so work needs to be done at both levels to more properly address disease rates.
D) Neither public issues nor personal troubles contribute to poor health, so work done at these levels would not address disease rates any differently.

Question 54

You live in a densely populated American city,are nonwhite,and survive on a low income.According to Chapter 14 of your text,it is likely that you live in:

A) a food desert.
B) a ghetto.
C) the South.
D) a barrio.

Question 55

When our individual,genetic,and physiological illness and disease risks are exacerbated by social factors like the neighborhood where we live,race,ethnic and class inequality,and corporate and governmental policies and practices,this is referred to sociologically as:

A) a human rights dilemma.
B) deprivation amplification.
C) a food desert.
D) impression management.

Question 56

A neighborhood where there is no grocery store but there are more liquor stores,convenience and drug stores,and fast food outlets than most other locations is referred to as a:

A) total institution.
B) locavore problem.
C) chain food center.
D) food desert.

Question 57

Many health inequities that people of lower socioeconomic status experience are further exacerbated in ________ groups.

A) older
B) family
C) minority
D) majority

Question 58

There is evidence that ________ make(s)men more sick.

A) biological features
B) traditional male gender role expectations
C) traditional female gender role expectations
D) male gender inequality

Question 59

Kendra is a lower-class American.She lives in public housing,did not finish high school,experiences lapses in employment,and has a hard time making financial ends meet.It is likely that she:

A) will have an average life expectancy.
B) will have a slightly higher life expectancy.
C) reports having good physical well-being.
D) will have a higher incidence of depression.

Question 60

Rosenbaum (2008)found that it was more common for ________ in New York City to live in substandard housing located in marginalized neighborhoods than in healthy neighborhoods with decent housing.

A) whites and Asians
B) Asians and blacks
C) blacks and Hispanics
D) Hispanics and whites

Question 61

________ health care makes ill patients more comfortable and prepares them for the end of life.

A) Integrative
B) Alternative
C) Palliative
D) Comprehensive

Question 62

Genetic testing in utero can inform parents of possible genetic mutations in the embryo.There are ethical concerns regarding this type of genetic testing because some assert that the selection of only healthy babies is a form of:

A) eugenics.
B) population control.
C) genocide.
D) quantitative easing.

Question 63

When we take care of a person at the end of his or her life,consider his or her quality of life,and ensure his or her comfort and safety,what approach to medicine are we using?

Question 64

The American Medical Association:

A) creates, maintains, legitimizes, and controls medicine in the United States.
B) really has had a hands-off approach to medicine, while corporations have had more say.
C) really has had a hands-off approach to medicine, while the government has had more say.
D) is a complicated organization with a long history of social policy advocacy around improving health for all Americans regardless of social class, racial or ethnic group, or gender.

Question 65

Death and illness in a population is bad for the productivity of the system and is a destabilizing force.Which theory takes this approach to medicine?

A) structural functionalism
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionism
D) the sick role

Question 66

Which of the following U.S.presidents described comprehensive health-care reform as the highest priority on his unfinished agenda for America?

A) franklin Delano Roosevelt
B) Richard Nixon
C) George W. Bush
D) Bill Clinton

Question 67

Talcott Parsons researched ________ from a structural functionalist perspective.

A) the medical establishment
B) doctor-patient confidentiality
C) the sick role
D) doctors' power and status

Question 68

The 2010 Health Care Reform Act (formally called the "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act")represents:

A) the medical establishment.
B) doctor-patient confidentiality.
C) universal health-care coverage that has the potential to ensure all U.S. citizens are covered.
D) the relative unimportance of medical systems in the United States.

Question 69

Studies of doctor-patient relations find that:

A) the institutional setting is dominated by doctors.
B) the institutional setting is dominated by patients.
C) doctor-patient relations have more to do with agreement on diagnoses than anything else.
D) the institutional setting is where doctor-patient relationships occur and that the interactions determine who has power or status.

Question 70

What does one call the study of controversial,moral,or ethical issues related to scientific and medical advancements?

A) ecological approach
B) bioethics
C) biological imperative
D) conflict

Question 71

The concept of acknowledging and incorporating a patient's cultural background as part of the treatment process is called:

A) patient rights.
B) cultural competence.
C) the Association of American Medical Colleges.
D) stigma management.

Question 72

What does research on medical interaction generally take into account?

A) basically the doctor-patient dyad
B) dyads, triads, and groups in interaction
C) individuals
D) all age groups, but usually only combinations between two main groups

Question 73

Jordan has been suffering from sinus pain for several months,and his physician prescribes over-the-counter decongestants and acupuncture.This is an example of ________ medicine.

A) conventional
B) alternative
C) curative
D) integrative

Question 74

Since ordinary consumers do not have the same expertise to evaluate prescription drugs,pharmaceutical companies often appeal to desires for:

A) learning more about the medication.
B) happy relationships.
C) avoiding doctors.
D) "being in the driver's seat" regarding our health.

Question 75

Rescission refers to:

A) stabilizing the price of health care.
B) insurance companies canceling a client's coverage only after the person gets sick.
C) insurance companies denying health-care coverage due to a preexisting condition.
D) a client's inability to pay for health insurance due to economic hardship.

Question 76

What is the name of the association that conducts large-scale research projects on college student populations with the aim of addressing student health issues and providing support programs and services for them?

Question 77

What is a group of medical treatments and products called that includes practices like acupuncture,homeopathy,hypnosis,and meditation,as well as traditional healers like shamans and movement therapies like Pilates?

A) ObamaCare
B) the Medical Care Act of 2010
C) naturopathy
D) Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

Question 78

Paolo broke a finger playing soccer and was seen by a medical practitioner very soon after the accident.How would his ailment be classified?

Question 79

The 2010 entering freshman class at the University of California,Berkeley,was invited to give a saliva sample to test for genetic markers.Eventually,the university was forced to shut down the study due to ethical concerns.What might have been a main ethical concern of this study?

A) the use of genetic profiles
B) student confidentiality
C) the lack of human subjects' clearance
D) an inability to ensure anonymity

Question 80

What have both classic and more recent studies of hospital experiences found?

A) The hospital experience is often dehumanizing, and the power of the institutions to define diagnoses is heavily skewed.
B) The hospital experience is usually highly satisfactory to patients and doctors alike.
C) Mixed results have been found, as studies are of varying ages.
D) Mixed findings were revealed, as different studies used different research methods.