Question 1

In ____ conditioning, it is what happens ____ the behavior that is critical.&#10;A) instrumental; after&#10;B) classical; after&#10;C) instrumental; before&#10;D) both classical and instrumental; before

Accepted Answer

In instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning, the consequences that follow a behavior (what happens after the behavior) are crucial for learning. This contrasts with classical conditioning, where the focus is on what precedes the behavior.

Question 2

The ____ are examples of discrete trial apparatuses and the____ is an example of a free operant apparatus.&#10;A) maze, puzzle box, Skinner box; runway&#10;B) maze, puzzle box, runway; Skinner box&#10;C) puzzle box, runway, Skinner box; maze&#10;D) maze, runway, Skinner box; puzzle box

Accepted Answer

Puzzle boxes, mazes, and runways are examples of discrete trial apparatuses where each trial is presented separately, while the Skinner box is an example of a free operant apparatus where the subject can operate freely and responses can be measured continuously.

Question 3

Skinner defined reinforcers and punishers technically according to&#10;A) their intensity.&#10;B) the probability of their occurrence.&#10;C) their effect on behavior.&#10;D) the extent to which they are perceived as pleasant versus unpleasant.

Accepted Answer

Skinner defined reinforcers and punishers based on their effect on behavior, where reinforcers increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, and punishers decrease it.

Question 4

Two types of negative reinforcement are _____ and _____.&#10;A) time out; response cost&#10;B) escape; response cost.&#10;C) escape; avoidance&#10;D) avoidance; response cost

Accepted Answer

Escape and avoidance are both forms of negative reinforcement. Escape reinforcement occurs when a behavior results in the cessation of an unpleasant stimulus, while avoidance reinforcement occurs when a behavior prevents an unpleasant stimulus from occurring.

Question 5

Two types of negative punishment are _____ and _____.&#10;A) time out; response cost&#10;B) escape; response cost.&#10;C) escape; avoidance&#10;D) avoidance; response cost

Accepted Answer

Negative punishment involves taking something away to decrease a behavior. "Time out" removes the opportunity to engage with the environment, and "response cost" takes away a previously earned reward, both fitting the definition of negative punishment.

Question 6

Money and praise are common examples of ____ reinforcers.&#10;A) primary&#10;B) secondary&#10;C) unconditioned&#10;D) generalized

Accepted Answer

The answer of Money and praise are common examples of...

Question 7

You press the power button to turn on your computer and wait for the desktop to appear before opening a program. This is an example of&#10;A) shaping.&#10;B) prompting&#10;C) fading&#10;D) a stimulus-response chain.

Accepted Answer

A stimulus-response chain involves a series of actions where each action serves as a stimulus for the next. Pressing the power button (stimulus) leads to the computer turning on (response), which then prompts the user to wait for the desktop to appear (next stimulus), and finally, the appearance of the desktop allows the user to open a program (final response).

Question 8

You press the power button to turn on your computer and wait for the desktop to appear before opening a program. In this example, seeing the desktop is both&#10;A) a discriminative stimulus for turning on the computer and a conditioned reinforcer for opening the program.&#10;B) a conditioned reinforcer for turning on the computer and a discriminative stimulus for opening the program.&#10;C) a warning stimulus for turning on the computer and a conditioned reinforcer for opening the program.&#10;D) a warning stimulus for opening the program and a conditioned reinforcer for turning on the computer.

Accepted Answer

Seeing the desktop acts as a conditioned reinforcer for the action of turning on the computer because it signals that the action has successfully led to the desired outcome (the computer being ready for use). It also serves as a discriminative stimulus for opening a program because it indicates that the computer is now in a state where this action can occur.

Question 9

A child is asked to trace dotted lines in order to learn to write the letters of the alphabet. This is an example of the ____ procedure.&#10;A) shaping&#10;B) prompting&#10;C) fading&#10;D) discrimination training

Accepted Answer

Prompting is the correct answer because it involves giving a hint or a cue to encourage a desired response, in this case, tracing the letters of the alphabet.

Question 10

After the child successfully traces dotted lines of a letter of the alphabet, the space between dots is gradually increased until the dots are eliminated altogether. This is an example of the ____ procedure.

A) shaping
B) prompting
C) fading
D) discrimination training

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the fading procedure, where prompts or cues are gradually removed to help the learner become more independent in the skill, in this case, writing a letter without the aid of dots.

Question 11

A powerful sequence for using prompts to establish verbal control of behavior is&#10;A) verbal prompt, physical prompt, gestural prompt.&#10;B) verbal prompt, gestural prompt, physical prompt.&#10;C) physical prompt, gestural prompt, verbal prompt.&#10;D) gestural prompt, physical prompt, verbal prompt.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A powerful sequence for using prompts to...

Question 12

It is relatively easy to teach a rat to ____ to avoid a shock but much more difficult to teach a rat to _____ to avoid shock.&#10;A) press a bar; run down a runway&#10;B) run down a runway; press a bar&#10;C) press a bar; walk down a runway&#10;D) walk down a runway; press a bar

Accepted Answer

The answer of It is relatively easy to teach a...

Deck 6: Control Learning: Basic Principles and Phenomena