Deck 4: Perception, Decision Making and Creativity

Question 1

"Framing" occurs at the end of the decision-making process.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

We perceive the world accurately during the attention stage of perception.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

A perceiver's expectations of an object will influence his/her evaluation of that object.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

"Chunking" occurs in the organization phase of perception.

Question 5

"Schema" are chunks that involve sequences of actions.

Question 6

When held by all members of a group, a script can be a "shared mental model."

Question 7

A prototype is a kind of stereotype.

Question 8

People tend to overestimate the numbers of deaths caused by spectacular events like airplane crashes, and underestimate the number of deaths caused by illnesses.

Question 9

To become more accurate in perception of employee performance, a manager should make fewer observations, and perform these on a scheduled basis.

Question 10

Computerized employee monitoring probably enhances accurate observation of workers.

Question 11

Upper-level managers tend to overestimate their interpersonal effectiveness when their perceptions go unchecked.

Question 12

The best way for managers to deal with prototypes and stereotypes is to ignore them.

Question 13

Experts (compared to novices) tend to have more complex, detailed prototypes that are more accurate.

Question 14

Research shows that people tend to prefer sure outcomes over risky ones. However, this preference is overcome by the loss-aversion bias in negative situations.

Question 15

Most people have a tendency to ignore background information in favor of unique situational data.

Question 16

"Noisy" environments make it easier to identify action-outcome relationships.

Question 17

Most organizations seek to find optimal solutions to their problems.

Question 18

Creative solutions to problems usually come from outside an discernible pattern of events.

Question 19

The first step of creative decision making resembles the first step of rational decision making in that both require "plain, old-fashioned hard work."

Question 20

The insight or inspiration of a creative idea tends to come immediately after the preparation stage.

Question 21

Creative people tend to be of very high intelligence.

Question 22

Creative people tend to be more persistent and have high energy levels.

Question 23

Most commonly, creative people do their most creative work in their 20's.

Question 24

Exposing members to different experiences helps organizations create a climate of creativity.

Question 25

The process by which individuals select, organize, store and retrieve information is called ____________.

A) problem solving
B) decision making
C) planning
D) perception

Question 26

Perception processes include ____________.

A) evaluating possible outcomes
B) creativity
C) flexibility
D) organization of information

Question 27

An organization's speed and accuracy of perception and decision-making is particularly critical in environments that are ____________.

A) complex and dynamic
B) complex and stable
C) simple and stable
D) simple and dynamic

Question 28

Accuracy of perception and speed of decision making have a major impact on a firm's____________.

A) employee satisfaction
B) survival
C) performance
D) both b and c

Question 29

The correct ordering of the stages of the perception process is____________.

A) attention, recall, organization
B) attention, organization, recall
C) organization, attention, recall
D) organization, recall, attention

Question 30

The first stage of the perception process is____________.

A) attention
B) attribution
C) organization
D) recall

Question 31

Our attention is most easily drawn to objects or events that ________________.

A) we don't expect
B) are negative
C) are of high importance
D) confirm our expectations

Question 32

During the attention stage of perception, ____________.

A) information is "chunked"
B) information is automatically filtered out
C) schema are developed
D) prototypes are used

Question 33

"Chunking" occurs during the _____________________ phase.

A) recall
B) decision making
C) organization
D) attention

Question 34

"Chunking" is best defined as____________.

A) memorizing data
B) filtering out information
C) simplifying and classifying information
D) paying attention to data

Question 35

A "chunk" that contains non-numerical information is called a____________.

A) prototype
B) script
C) schema
D) stereotype

Question 36

A "chunk" that involves a sequence of actions is called a____________.

A) prototype
B) script
C) stereotype
D) mental model

Question 37

A "chunk" that focuses on describing people is called a____________.

A) script
B) schema
C) mental model
D) prototype

Question 38

The term "introvert" would be an example of a____________.

A) script
B) prototype
C) stereotype
D) expectation

Question 39

The list of the top 12 characteristics of the "leader" prototype does NOT contain one of the following characteristics. Which one?

A) educated
B) well dressed
C) understanding
D) adaptable

Question 40

A prototype that is organized around a person's race, sex, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic group, or other sociocultural characteristics, is called a____________.

A) stereotype
B) schema
C) shared mental model
D) negative prototype

Question 41

Information may be lost during the ________________ phase of perception.

A) attention
B) organization
C) recall
D) all of the above

Question 42

The tendency to judge the likelihood of an event by how easily they can recall examples of it, is called____________.

A) selectivity bias
B) availability bias
C) hindsight bias
D) expectation bias

Question 43

An availability bias will lead us to____________.

A) recalling things that are easily recalled
B) recalling things that are recent
C) recalling things that happened first in a series of events
D) recalling things that are unusual

Question 44

The tendency for people to feel that they would have predicted outcomes the events better than they actually did is called ____________.

A) selectivity bias
B) availability bias
C) hindsight bias
D) expectation bias

Question 45

Suppose that you are asked, after an event, to recall what you predicted the outcome to be before it occurred. A hindsight bias will lead you to____________.

A) recall your earlier forecast as being more positive than it was
B) recall your earlier forecast as being more negative than it was
C) recall your earlier forecast as being more accurate than it really was
D) recall your earlier forecast as being less accurate than it really was

Question 46

All of the following are suggestions offering for improving the accuracy of supervisors' observations of subordinates EXCEPT ____________.

A) randomly observe performance
B) use computerized monitoring
C) increase the frequency of observations
D) let subordinates know they are being observed

Question 47

To reduce perceptual bias that occurs in observing subordinates' performance, what should a manager do ____________.

A) reduce the frequency of observations
B) make the observations occur at the same time every day
C) make sure the subordinates know they are being observed
D) obtain multiple points of view

Question 48

A good manager may seek out information that is ____________ with their own expectations and beliefs.

A) perceptual
B) comparable
C) consistent
D) inconsistent

Question 49

The bias that exists when people hate losing is called the ____________.

A) hindsight bias
B) loss-aversion bias
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) mirror image fallacy
E) availability bias

Question 50

The loss-aversion bias describes individuals' tendencies to____________.

A) take the sure thing and avoid the risky outcome
B) take a risk, no matter what the chance
C) prefer sure loss over risk of loss
D) prefer risk of loss over sure loss

Question 51

The tendency in decision making called "base rate bias" is for people to____________.

A) give too little credence to base rates
B) give too much credence to base rates
C) not pay attention to base rates
D) overestimate the importance of base rates when situations are of personal concern

Question 52

Suppose I am estimating the overall probability of completing a project on time. I calculate the following chances of completing specific phases of the project on time:
Conduct literature search 90 percent
Obtain articles by interlibrary loan 80 percent
Analyze articles 90 percent
Write draft 80 percent
Revise and finalize 90 percent
What is my overall probability of completing this project on time?

A) 90 percent
B) between 70 - 90 percent
C) between 50 - 70 percent
D) less than 50 percent

Question 53

"Escalation of commitment" refers to a tendency for people to____________.

A) continue to invest in a losing course of action
B) change their minds
C) become better at rational decision making when repeated over time
D) examine each decision independently of those that have come before

Question 54

The tendency of people to invest more and more heavily in courses of action that they have previously undertaken, regardless of losses, is called____________.

A) availability bias
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) escalation of commitment
D) loss-aversion bias

Question 55

The trait that reflects a person's inability to make any decision at all is often call ____________.

A) openness to experience
B) decision making trauma
C) decision avoidance
D) extravertion

Question 56

To reduce decision-making fear for an employee, a manager may ____________ for decision making.

A) articulate every reason for making a positive decision
B) set strong deadlines
C) allow the employee to take all the time they need
D) strongly suggest the answer

Question 57

"Bounded discretion" refers to the idea that____________.

A) decision makers are not cognitively able
B) decision makers have little power to make decisions
C) decision makers are restricted by norms
D) decision makers have little time

Question 58

Germany's economy is stagnant. The primary cause of such economic stagnation is ____________.

A) protection of present jobs
B) insufficient government support
C) strong governmental policies in creating new organizations
D) decreasing interest in entrepreneurship

Question 59

Germany's economy is struggling with ____________, which does not allow for economic change.

A) an entrenched cultural and political habits
B) redesigning governmental policy
C) blending the needs of eastern and western portions of the country
D) needed funding

Question 60

Organizational insiders who observe unethical behavior and report are called ____________.

A) government auditors
B) industry regulators
C) organizational prosecuters
D) whistle-blowers

Question 61

Employees who make the decision to be whistle-blowers can often be described as ____________.

A) outsiders
B) by the book-ors
C) self-protectors
D) all of the above

Question 62

Herbert Simon developed the Administrative Decision-Making Model that describes____________.

A) the rational method for making decisions
B) how decisions should be made
C) how decisions are actually made
D) how to optimize decisions

Question 63

In describing how decision-makers actually make decisions, Simon suggested that most people____________.

A) search for optimal solutions
B) search for satisficing solutions
C) consider many alternatives simultaneously
D) follow rational decision making processes

Question 64

Providing decision makers with aids that will force them to ask all the right questions, get all the right information, and process this information in all the right ways, helps to reduce____________.

A) loss aversion bias
B) availability bias
C) base rate bias
D) all of the above

Question 65

All of the following are stages of the creative process EXCEPT____________.

A) insight
B) verification
C) incubation
D) intuition

Question 66

The stage of the creative process in which an individual immerses him/herself in existing solutions to the problem is called____________.

A) verification
B) insight
C) incubation
D) preparation

Question 67

The stage of the creative process in which an individual expends no visible effort on the problem is called____________.

A) Verification
B) Insight
C) Incubation
D) Preparation

Question 68

The correct order in which the stages of the creative process occur is____________.

A) preparation, insight, incubation, verification
B) preparation, incubation, insight, verification
C) incubation, preparation, insight, verification
D) incubation, preparation, verification, insight

Question 69

The stage of the creative process in which an individual experiences a flash of inspiration is called____________.

A) verification
B) insight
C) incubation
D) preparation

Question 70

Compared to less creative people, a highly creative person also tends to____________.

A) have very high general cognitive ability
B) have high levels of aspiration
C) have high loyalty to employers
D) be younger

Question 71

Of the four dimensions of cognitive ability, creativity is most closely related to____________.

A) verbal ability
B) quantitative ability
C) reasoning ability
D) spatial ability

Question 72

All of the following are characteristics of highly creative people EXCEPT____________.

A) High levels of persistence
B) High levels of energy
C) Between 20 and 30 years of age
D) High mobility in jobs

Question 73

Some research indicates that regardless of their field, creative people tended to do their most creative work between the ages of____________.

A) 20 - 30
B) 30 - 40
C) 40 - 50
D) 50 - 60

Question 74

To create situations that foster creativity, a manager should____________.

A) Set easy goals
B) Keep deadlines flexible
C) Reward creative actions
D) Encourage members to work alone

Question 75

All of the following are things a manager should do to stimulate creativity EXCEPT____________.

A) Set difficult goals
B) Set deadlines
C) Set specific goals
D) Set clear penalties for failure

Question 76

All of the following are characteristics of an organizational culture that is related to creativity EXCEPT____________.

A) Emphasis on written rules and procedures
B) Rewards for risk taking
C) Acceptance of failures
D) Goals for creativity

Question 77

Diverse membership in a team tends to____________.

A) Promote creativity
B) Has no effect on creativity
C) Decrease creativity
D) Increase early creativity, then decrease it in later stages

Question 78

Describe how expectations influence perceptions during the attention stage. How can this kind of bias affect a supervisor?

Question 79

Explain "chunking". Why do we chunk? Describe the types of chunks. What are potential negative consequences of chunking?

Question 80

Discuss what managers can do to reduce perceptual problems in observing subordinates.