Deck 9: Families, Paid and Unpaid Work: Connecting Households, Workplaces, State Polices, and Communities

Question 1

In the ________, a major survey of sociological research on Canadian women pointed out that women's unpaid domestic work in the home had been almost completed ignored.

A) 1940s
B) 1950s
C) 1960s
D) 1970s
E) 1980s

Answer 1

1970s

Question 2

A new area of research called "________" emerged in the 1980s as a result of increasing focus on the relative value of paid and unpaid work.

A) gender divisions of labour
B) breadwinner sociology
C) liberal ideology
D) macro sociology
E) professional sociology

Answer 2

gender divisions of labour

Question 3

"Standard employment relationship" is a term describing ________

A) the 48 hours for 48 weeks for 48 years model.
B) the male model of employment.
C) the employment norm for both male and female workers in the 1980s.
D) both a and b.
E) the female model of employment.

Answer 3

both a and b.

Question 4

When a worker has been involved in continuous full-time employment with the same on-site employer for all or most of his/her working life, it is said that he/she is in a _________

A) common occupational relationship.
B) general service position.
C) standard work affiliation.
D) regular job relationship.
E) standard employment relationship.

Question 5

The past several decades have witnessed dramatic international growth in the share of women who are part of the paid workforce. In 2015, ________ of all Canadian women aged 25-54 had jobs.

A) 51 per cent
B) 68 per cent
C) 74 per cent
D) 82 per cent
E) 91 per cent

Question 6

There have been sharp increases in the employment rate of women with children. In 2015, _______ of all women with children under the age of six were part of the employed workforce.

A) 36 per cent
B) 42.5 per cent
C) 53 per cent
D) 69.5 per cent
E) 74 per cent

Question 7

In 2015, _______ of women without children under the age of 25 had jobs.

A) 49 per cent
B) 53.2 per cent
C) 64.5 per cent
D) 79.3 per cent
E) 80.5 per cent

Question 8

The gender wage gap for women workers in Canada varies from women earning _____ cents for every dollar earned by men to _____ cents for every dollar earned by men, depending upon how it's calculated.

A) 69.7; 88
B) 80; 85
C) 85.0; 90
D) 69.7; 99
E) 89.7; 99

Question 9

The gender wage gap results from all of the following except ________

A) the fact that traditional women's work pays less than men's work.
B) more women work part-time than men.
C) discrimination of racialized people.
D) most women work in lower-wage occupations such as teaching, nursing, and administrative work.
E) women are often paid more than men.

Question 10

According to the Canadian Women's Foundation (2017), most women are employed in all of the following sectors except ________

A) teaching jobs.
B) nursing jobs.
C) healthcare jobs.
D) management positions.
E) office and administrative work.

Question 11

Women in the ________ generation who are caring for young children as well as the elderly are also likely to work part-time in comparison to men.

A) middle
B) median
C) medium
D) "squeezed-in"
E) sandwich

Question 12

The term "________" refers to jobs that are part-time or temporary. The self-employed and those working at multiple jobs would also fit into this category.

A) non-regular employment
B) non-standard employment
C) less desirable jobs
D) blue collar
E) unusual employment

Question 13

The term "non-standard employment" is also known as ________

A) precarious employment.
B) unstable employment.
C) insecure employment.
D) unemployment.
E) full-time employment.

Question 14

Non-standard employment is ________

A) based on continental shift schedules.
B) work performed by illegal immigrants in Canada.
C) work performed for minimum wage.
D) part-time, temporary, or self-employment.
E) work performed by young adults.

Question 15

In 2017, only 13 per cent of adult men in Canada worked part-time compared with _______ per cent of women.

A) 15
B) 26
C) 46
D) 56
E) 66

Question 16

In 2016, Indigenous women working full-time earned ________- cents per dollar earned by non-Indigenous men.

A) 65
B) 75
C) 85
D) 90
E) 95

Question 17

Unpaid work in Canada is ________

A) largely visible, yet unnoticed.
B) easily measured by Statistics Canada.
C) invisible, unnoticed, and difficult to measure.
D) heavily recognized and supported by the government.
E) equal among men and women.

Question 18

According to Olivia Harris, the degree to which housework is oppressive and burdensome is heavily influenced by income level and ________

A) the number of children in the household.
B) marriage vs common-law.
C) the various forms of cooperation and collectivity between households.
D) the addition of participation in the paid work force.
E) the number of elders in the household.

Question 19

________ can heavily impact household tasks, but has little impact on the caring activities of children and elders.

A) Improved technology
B) Hired help
C) Access to an automobile
D) A stay-at-home parent
E) Dual-income homes

Question 20

Many researchers have argued that ________ is the number one life event that marks long-term systemic inequalities between men and women.

A) getting married
B) entering the work force
C) having children
D) experiencing a divorce
E) retirement

Question 21

Since 2006, the number of Canadian fathers who take parental leave has barely budged, hovering between _____________ per cent for the last decade.

A) 9 and 12
B) 12 and 20
C) 20 and 22
D) 22 and 25
E) 28 and 33

Question 22

Andrea Doucet uses the term "community responsibility" to refer to ________

A) the extra-domestic, community-based responsibility for children.
B) the volunteering responsibility of community members.
C) the cleaning and caring of a community by its members.
D) a government's support to unpaid workers.
E) the community-based responsibility for elders.

Question 23

It was not until the ________ that unpaid work was given mention within academic studies and sociology.

A) 1950s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s
E) 1990s

Question 24

Since the 1970s, Canadian studies of gendered household labour have mostly collected data on ________

A) time, tasks, and responsibilities.
B) cooking, cleaning, and childcare.
C) time management, childcare, and cooking.
D) house maintaining, cleaning, and cooking.
E) childcare, financial situation, and time management.

Question 25

"________" refers to a set of social beliefs about men and women's roles and relationships in varied social institutions.

A) Sex ideologies
B) Gender ideologies
C) Sexual roles
D) Gender characteristics
E) Gender beliefs

Question 26

According to Linda Carty (1994), _________ women and women in low-income households have always worked outside the home.

A) unmarried
B) African-Canadian
C) Italian-Canadian
D) immigrant
E) Asian-Canadian

Question 27

The distinction between home and work is well-captured in the concept of the "________" which, as defined by Ray Pahl (1984), is how households allocate their collective effort to getting all the work that they define has, or feel needs, to be done.

A) work-life balance
B) household work strategy
C) housework organizational strategies
D) home/work approach
E) homelife-work plan

Question 28

The term "________" refers to the activities required to ensure day-to-day and generational survival.

A) social reproduction
B) communal reproduction
C) collective reproduction
D) group reproduction
E) common reproduction

Question 29

During the COVID-19 pandemic, women's employment went, between February and July 2020, from being at a historic high to its lowest in _______________ years.

A) 5 years
B) 10 years
C) 20 years
D) 25 years
E) 30 years

Question 30

The exertion of parental leave in Canada has led to an increase in fathers' using leave to care for infants. The number of fathers using parental leave has jumped from 3 per cent in 2000 to _____ per cent in 2006.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 30
E) 40

Question 31

Ann Crittenden argues that every major institution in society benefits from ________, while sharing only a fraction of the cost.

A) well-raised children
B) domestic work
C) the familial care of elders
D) a well-kept home
E) unpaid labour

Question 32

Women undertake the bulk of unpaid labour. This has had a negative impact of many women's work opportunities including ________

A) loss of earnings.
B) loss of pensions.
C) loss of benefits.
D) economic vulnerability in cases of divorce.
E) all of the above.

Question 33

Indigenous and ________ women in Canada face the greatest inequalities in the labour market.

A) divorced
B) disabled
C) racialized
D) single
E) married

Question 34

Canada's ________ program is an example of how women's traditional domain may be passed from one group of women to another.

A) Hired Help
B) Hired Mothers
C) Domestic Supplement
D) Live-In Caregiver
E) Nanny Service

Question 35

On average, women spend 3 hours and 44 minutes per day on unpaid work compared to men's ________ hours and 28 minutes.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 6

Question 36

Margrit Eichler called attention to Canadian women's unpaid domestic work with a landmark survey in the mid-1970s.

Question 37

The term "standard employment relationship" means that a worker has continuous, full-time employment with the same on-site employer for all or most of his/her working life.

Question 38

In the past few decades, the employment rate of women with children has remained the same.

Question 39

Women's earnings in Canada continue to be less than those of men.

Question 40

The COVID-19 pandemic has seen women's employment levels at the lowest they have been in thirty years.

Question 41

Women in the sandwich generation are more likely than men to work part-time as a result of child care or elder care responsibilities.

Question 42

As of 2018, more than one in eight employees in Canada worked in a temporary job.

Question 43

Housework is a universal and homogeneous category that is typical in all family forms.

Question 44

While labour-saving devices have made some aspects of housework less onerous (i.e. laundering and dishwashing), growing consumption patterns within households and greater activity levels of children have led to new kinds of housework that entail household management, organization, and planning.

Question 45

In households with children, the care and upbringing of these children constitute less and less of parent's daily lives as the years go by.

Question 46

Housework and caring activities may have monotonous and routine aspects as well as rewarding and creative dimensions.

Question 47

Mothers are now able to spend less time supervising their children with the aid of technological devices.

Question 48

Between 1976 and 2014, Canadian households with stay-at-home mothers decreased by 1 million.

Question 49

While housework can easily be put on hold, child care does not offer the same level of flexibility to caregivers.

Question 50

While women have become secondary workers and wage earners for the household, they still remain as primary caregivers, or shared primary caregivers.

Question 51

Statistics Canada suggests that the proportion of stay-at-home fathers increased seven times between 1976 and 2015.

Question 52

Quebec's "use-or-lose-it" approach to paternity leave is similar to those in Norway and Sweden.

Question 53

Having children is the single life event that most profoundly marks long-term systemic inequality between women and men.

Question 54

Men have shared their traditional breadwinning role, but have yet to take up an equal amount of child-care responsibilities.

Question 55

Beginning in the 1970s, Canadian academic studies of gender divisions of labour within the household have collected basically three major types of data on the division of domestic work: time, tasks, and money.

Question 56

Fathers' use of parental leave in Canada increased from 3 per cent in 2000 to 45 per cent in 2006.

Question 57

Black feminist scholars highlight how community networks and inter-household relations are integral elements of Black motherhood.

Question 58

Empirical studies on housework found that generally, women regard their "occupations" as domestic labourers as highly rewarding and diverse.

Question 59

Although men have increasingly come to appreciate the importance of work-family balance, most of the balancing or juggling of home and work continues to fall on women.

Question 60

As men have increasingly come to appreciate the importance of work-family balance, men now contribute more time to housework as compared to women.

Question 61

Talcott Parsons promoted the notion that women should take on unpaid work in the "private" sphere while men take on paid work in the "public" sphere.

Question 62

Cross-cultural research has clearly demonstrated that many working class households have always required more than the male wage; thus, women have contributed to the maintenance of the household either by intensifying domestic and self-provisioning work inside the home, by earning money through the informal economy, or by earning a wage themselves.

Question 63

Ray Pahl defined "household work strategy" as the distribution of domestic work between household members.

Question 64

In recent years, the media has given more and more attention to positive and complex stories of stay-at-home fathering and involved fathering.

Question 65

Data for the years 1997 to 2012 noted that for the 23 countries with relevant data, there was a significant change in the gendered pattern of the division of unpaid care work.

Question 66

On average, women spend 3 hours and 44 minutes per day on unpaid work compared to men's 44 minutes.

Question 67

Many workers, including those who work part-time and those who are not working the required hours in the year before the birth of their child, are largely excluded from both maternity benefits and parental leave.

Question 68

Indigenous women and racialized women are doubly disadvantaged because they are faced with inequalities in the labour market while still taking on extra shifts of unpaid work.

Question 69

There is an increasing pattern whereby lower-class families with some extra funds rely on other lesser-paid women for domestic and child care.

Question 70

While heterosexual married couples still account for the dominant family form in Canada, these families are gradually on the wane, while other household types are on the rise.
Short

Question 71

What is meant by the term "gender divisions of labour"?

Question 72

Why has the standard employment relationship model been used to describe men rather than women?

Question 73

Discuss the gender gap that exists between men and women in Canada.

Question 74

Discuss the issues surrounding women in the sandwich generation.

Question 75

Why is housework not a universal and homogenous category?

Question 76

What are some of the distinctions between household work and child care?

Question 77

Discuss what is meant by "community responsibility".

Question 78

Discuss the patterns identified in the 2018 ILO report Care Work and Care Jobs related to global trends in unpaid work.

Question 79

Discuss Talcott Parson's work on the private and public spheres.

Question 80

What did academic studies on the division of domestic work find in terms of time spent in paid and unpaid work?