Deck 12: Indigenous Families

Question 1

Aboriginal policy in Canada has largely been formed with _______ objectives towards the absorption of Indigenous peoples into the greater body politic.

A) integrative
B) conformist
C) absorption
D) assimilationist
E) adaptability

Answer 1

assimilationist

Question 2

According to the Indian Act of 1867, the term "________" refers to "any tract or tracts of land set apart by treaty or otherwise for the use or benefit of, or granted to a particular band of Indians, of which the legal titles resides with the Crown."

A) estate
B) terrain
C) registered area
D) Indigenous property
E) reserve

Answer 2

reserve

Question 3

Discriminatory practices used against Indigenous peoples can be found in ________

A) the Indian Act.
B) the residential school system.
C) jurisdictional matters.
D) child welfare policy.
E) all of the above.

Answer 3

all of the above.

Question 4

The following statement regarding property and the private sphere is false: ________

A) Women were defined by their roles in the private sphere, including the rearing of children, homemaking, and other domestic labour.
B) When considering the private sphere, the home was purchased, shaped, and determined by women.
C) The ability to bestow and inherit was generally accorded to men.
D) The division of labour and its relationship to gender roles during the Victorian era were delineated by the material provisions of men.
E) Either from father to son, or father to daughter's husband, property moved in the hands of men.

Question 5

The term "_______" is determined by Smith-Rosenberg and Rosenberg (1999) to mean the engagement with non-feminine activities such as labour outside of the home (i.e. factory work), reading, or studying in excess.

A) unbiologically
B) unphysiologically
C) anti-feminine
D) male-defined
E) male-determined

Question 6

The term "Haudenosaunee" refers to the people of the Six Nations or in other words, "people of the _______"

A) realm.
B) land.
C) homeland.
D) house.
E) longhouse.

Question 7

The term "_______" is defined as the immediate collective that individuals affect with their own contributions.

A) Family/Clan
B) Family/Kinship
C) Domestic/Familial Relations
D) Private Sphere/Clan
E) Clan/Kinship

Question 8

The term "_______" refers to the governance of the people on a specific territory, comprised of various clans and families.

A) municipality
B) civic
C) community
D) public regulation
E) societal regulation

Question 9

Sacred law was given to the Anishinaabe nation by the Creator or Great Spirit through all of the following except ________

A) language and concepts.
B) philosophies.
C) ceremonies.
D) world views.
E) early settlers of European descent.

Question 10

Van Kirk (1983) described marriages between _______ as "à la façon du pays," or "according to the customs of the country."

A) Indigenous women and European men
B) Eastern European men and women
C) Indigenous men and Asian women
D) Southern Europeans and Western Europeans
E) French men and women

Question 11

Métis people are of mixed First Nations and ________ ancestry who identify themselves as distinct communities.

A) Chinese
B) European
C) American
D) Mexican
E) South African

Question 12

Land that was traditionally non-privatized pre-contact became the corporate property of the _______ in 1670, and subsequently land title was transferred in the creation of the province of Manitoba in 1870.

A) United Kingdom
B) French
C) Hudson's Bay Company
D) Canadian Pacific Rail Line (CPR)
E) Bank of Canada

Question 13

The treaty process was meant to achieve certain goals for the imperial government. These goals included _______

A) the creation of the British North America Act.
B) the creation of the Indian Act.
C) securing military alliances.
D) determining land title.
E) both c and d.

Question 14

In Canada, in 1830, jurisdiction over "Indians" rested with the British Crown (with the exception of _______ which was owned by the Hudson's Bay Company).

A) the Northwest Territories
B) the Yukon
C) Manitoba
D) Saskatchewan
E) Rupert's Land

Question 15

Confederation occurred in ________

A) 1854.
B) 1867.
C) 1888.
D) 1895.
E) 1905.

Question 16

The Indian Act was passed in ________, nine years after Confederation.

A) 1869
B) 1872
C) 1876
D) 1888
E) 1905

Question 17

Under the Indian Act, "________" meant the loss of Indian status. Indians were compelled to give up their Indian status and lose their treaty rights to become enfranchised as Canadian citizens.

A) naturalization
B) disenfranchise
C) cultural omission
D) institutionalization
E) enfranchisement

Question 18

From 1876 to 1951, there were numerous amendments made to further entrench government control over the lives of "Indians". These amendments included _______

A) banning Indigenous spiritual practices and ceremonies.
B) moving Indigenous people to a more remote area if the reserve was too close to a town of 8,000 residents or more.
C) expropriating portions of reserves by municipalities and private companies in order to build roads, railways, and other public works.
D) both a and b.
E) all of the above.

Question 19

"_______" are people who consider themselves Indians or members of a First Nation but who are not recognized by the federal government as Indians under the Indian Act.

A) Aboriginals
B) Status Aboriginals
C) Non-status Indians
D) Status Indians
E) Non-legitimate citizens

Question 20

Under the Indian Act, if an "Indian" woman married a non-status "Indian", then she would be disenfranchised. In addition, she would no longer be able to do all of the following except ________

A) live on a reserve.
B) vote in elections held on the reserve.
C) be buried on the reserve once she passed away.
D) run in a band election for the position of chief.
E) live away from the reserve.

Question 21

A(n) _______ "Indian" is an individual whose name is recorded in the Indian registrar according to the Indian Act.

A) registered
B) recorded
C) chronicled
D) indexed
E) listed

Question 22

The term "_______" replaces the concepts of 'band' and 'Indian' and signifies the earliest cultures in Canada.

A) Indigenous
B) Aboriginals
C) Métis
D) First Nations
E) Original Populace

Question 23

In an attempt to "________", as infamously phrased by former Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs Duncan Campbell Scott, from the mid-nineteenth century the residential schools system became mandatory for all status-Indian children under the Indian Act.

A) eliminate Aboriginal tendencies
B) kill the Indian in the child
C) eradicate Aboriginalism
D) abolish Indian-ness
E) remove First Nations' beliefs

Question 24

As early as the age of ________, children were removed from their communities with the aid of Indian Agents.

A) four
B) six
C) eight
D) 10
E) 12

Question 25

The first federally run residential school was the Mohawk Institute in the province of ________ in 1831. The last federally run school in the province of _______ closed its doors in 1996.

A) Prince Edward Island; Ontario
B) Nova Scotia; Manitoba
C) New Brunswick; Quebec
D) Ontario; Saskatchewan
E) British Columbia; Alberta

Question 26

During the 150 years of the residential school system, there were ________ church-operated residential schools in operation.

A) 50
B) 70
C) 90
D) 110
E) 130

Question 27

Today, there are close to 80,000 residential school survivors still living. Many of these individuals are a part of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement that was negotiated between individuals, the churches, and the federal government. The settlement is believed to be the largest in Canadian history at ________

A) 500 million dollars.
B) 750 million dollars.
C) 1 billion dollars.
D) 1.5 billion dollars.
E) 5 billion dollars.

Question 28

All residential school survivors received ________ for having to attend a residential school and $3,000 in addition for every year attended.

A) $1,000
B) $2,000
C) $3,000
D) $5,000
E) $10,000

Question 29

_______ is the process by which individuals or communities attempt to arrive at a place of mutual understanding and acceptance.

A) Reconciliation
B) Resolution
C) Negotiation
D) Cooperation
E) Collaboration

Question 30

Adding Section ________ to the Indian Act in 1951 allowed welfare agencies to apprehend children from reserves.

A) 22
B) 36
C) 47
D) 55
E) 88

Question 31

From the 1960s to the 1980s, Indigenous children would come to represent approximately ________ of all children in care nationally.

A) 15 per cent
B) 25 per cent
C) 34 per cent
D) 46 per cent
E) 78 per cent

Question 32

The ________ refers to the decade when a high number of Indigenous children were taken from their families without proper investigation. The removal of Indigenous children was largely based on assumptions about race and character by provincial child welfare agencies.

A) Forties Group
B) Fifties Collection
C) Sixties Scoop
D) Seventies Assemblage
E) Eighties Take

Question 33

The term "the Sixties Scoop" was coined by ________ in a 1983 report for the federal department of Social Policy Development.

A) Patrick Johnston
B) John Diefenbaker
C) Pierre Elliot Trudeau
D) Stephen Harper
E) Brian Mulroney

Question 34

Of the four levels of family systems, "________" is not defined as a position, but it is dependent on collective responsibilities and duties for its context.

A) Nation
B) Individual
C) Family/Clan
D) Community
E) They are all defined as positions.

Question 35

In the 1960s, in the province of _______, Cree and Inuit children were placed primarily in the home community of the children.

A) Alberta
B) Saskatchewan
C) Manitoba
D) Ontario
E) Quebec

Question 36

During the Victorian era, Europeans promoted the safeguarding of men's roles in the public sphere of law-making, politics, industry, and ultimately the shaping of national power.

Question 37

Smith-Rosenburg (1999) describes the female of the Georgian era as more spiritual, less intellectual, and closer to the divine.

Question 38

"Unphysiologically" is determined by Smith-Rosenburg and Rosenburg (1999) to be the engagement with non-feminine activities such as labour outside of the home, reading or studying in excess.

Question 39

For Indigenous nations, and specifically the Haudenosaunee, the reproducing of the nation was not only physiological but also political.

Question 40

In terms of the valuation of women's role in reproduction, Haudenosaunee women represent Skywoman (the bringer of human life to earth).

Question 41

Anderson (2000) equates childbirth to a form of spiritual enlightenment.

Question 42

Most European traders (mostly Englishmen) during the fur trade era, working in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, were drawn into the kinship circles of Indigenous communities.

Question 43

Marriage between Indigenous men and European women was largely recognized as a social, political, and economic advantage by both Indigenous peoples and Europeans.

Question 44

Indigenous women were validated by European traders for their vast knowledge of fur trading territories, yet were simultaneously denied authority over these lands by the Hudson's Bay Company.

Question 45

Land that was non-privatized pre-contact became the corporate property of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670, and subsequently land title was transferred in the creation of the province of Manitoba in 1870.

Question 46

Westward expansion was one of Canada's top priorities during the latter part of the nineteenth century. The fur trade was coming to a close, and agriculture was thought to be the best option for economic success in the west.

Question 47

Settling the west was done through treaty agreements with Indigenous nations. The idea was to pay Indigenous nations for massive acreages of land in exchange for specific benefits and the creation of reserves to which Indigenous peoples would be restricted.

Question 48

In 1867, nine years before Canada's Confederation, the Indian Act was passed.

Question 49

One of the amendments to the Indian Act in 1844 stipulated that Indigenous spiritual practices and ceremonies were banned.

Question 50

Under Section 6(1) of the Indian Act, an "Indian" woman lost her Indian status if she married a non-Indigenous person (as well as non-status Indians).

Question 51

In an attempt to "kill the Indian in the child", the residential school system became mandated and mandatory for all status-Indian children under the Indian Act.

Question 52

The first federally run residential school was the Cree Institute in Battleford, Saskatchewan in 1865.

Question 53

The purpose of the residential school system was to Christianize, civilize, and assimilate First Nations people into the greater body politic of Canada.

Question 54

The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement that was negotiated between the individuals who attended the churches and the federal government amounted to $5 billion.

Question 55

Prime Minister Stephen Harper made an official apology in 2008; this apology received both acceptance and criticism.

Question 56

When Section 88 was added to the Indian Act in 1951, social workers of child welfare agencies had the legal jurisdiction to apprehend children from the reserve.

Question 57

Johnston (1983) found that during the Sixties Scoop, 40 to 50 per cent of Indigenous children were apprehended by provincial child welfare agencies and placed in non-Indigenous homes.

Question 58

During the Sixties Scoop, Indigenous children were removed from their homes in a majority of cases due to neglect.

Question 59

The Oka Crisis of 1990 and the Meech Lake Accord in 1987 highlighted historical wrongs and jurisdictional problems that impacted Indigenous peoples and their rights.

Question 60

The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Affairs emphasized how provincial child welfare agencies were well-equipped to deal with Indigenous communities and cultural practices.

Question 61

Despite an increase in Aboriginal child and family services agencies, traditional child-rearing practices and cultural patterns were not recognized as legitimate forms of childcare by welfare agencies.

Question 62

Despite some changes to provincial child welfare practices with respect to Aboriginal peoples, First Nations children are still ten times more likely to be in the child welfare system as compared to non-Indigenous children.

Question 63

Despite comprising just 2 per cent of the child population in Canada, Indigenous children represent 78 per cent of the children in care nationally.

Question 64

During the era of the Millennium Scoop, Indigenous children in the child welfare system are, in the majority of cases, apprehended due to issues of neglect.

Question 65

Jordan's Principle is a child-first principle that is intended to ensure that First Nations' children do not encounter discrimination in services (either through delay, denial, or disruption) that are normally available to all other children in Canada.

Question 66

In 2007, the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society and the Assembly of First Nations filed a complaint against the federal government to the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal citing discrimination in child welfare practices against First Nations' children and youth.

Question 67

In the event of the breakdown of a marriage or common-law relationship, or in the event of death of a common-law partner or spouse, families are entitled to the equitable division of property as protected through provincial legislation. Because provinces are not responsible for lands or peoples on-reserve, and the Indian Act had not been legislated with real property implications, Indigenous families and their interests are not protected.

Question 68

Most homes on-reserve are occupied by families through Certificates of Possession. These certificates are predominantly held by men on the reserve. In the event of relationship breakdowns, the mother/wife/common-law partner would not be legally entitled to an equitable division of assets. This threatens her ability to gain custody of her children, remain within her community, and survive.

Question 69

Idle No More was a national social movement of Indigenous peoples across Canada that came together in 2000 and 2001.

Question 70

The residential schools system in Canada, in removing children from their families, not only denied Indigenous children their family structures, but also disavowed Indigenous traditional parenting practices.
Short

Question 71

Describe gender roles and families with regard to the private and public spheres.

Question 72

What is meant by the term "unphysiological"?

Question 73

What is the importance of the Haudenosaunee with regard to reproduction practices?

Question 74

Discuss the differences between the spiritual enlightenment of those who go through childbirth compared to those women who do not have children.

Question 75

When an Indigenous woman was disenfranchised as an Indian under the Indian Act, she was no longer able to carry out certain functions or tasks. Explain.

Question 76

Different bans and limitations associated with the Indian Act were lifted throughout the years. Discuss.

Question 77

During the 1960s and 70s, two cases challenged the discriminatory practices of the Indian Act. Discuss these two cases.

Question 78

Describe the Sandra Lovelace case that took place in 1974.

Question 79

Why did residential schools have high mortality rates?

Question 80

Describe the life of Chanie Wenjack.