Deck 5: Race and Racism

Question 1

For the seventy years leading up to 1860,the United States Census counted slaves as three-fifths of a person,which was done in order to

A) support the emerging interest in eugenics.
B) maintain a strong economic system.
C) lay the groundwork for institutional racism.
D) uphold the idea of white supremacy.

Answer 1

uphold the idea of white supremacy.

Question 2

What is a system of classification that uses physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups?

A) ethnicity
B) cline
C) phylogeny
D) race

Answer 2

race

Question 3

A physical anthropologist would be more likely to consider ________ in his or her work with the physical characteristics of Homo sapiens.

A) cline
B) genotype
C) phenotype
D) lineage

Answer 3

genotype

Question 4

In the period between 1933 and 1936,the Nazi regime under Hitler implemented laws that defined who was and was not Jewish according to ancestry.Any person with three or four Jewish grandparents was considered a "full-blooded" Jew;those with fewer (but more than zero)were considered "half-breeds" or "mongrels." This approach to dividing and categorizing people implies the existence of multiple,biologically based

A) clines.
B) ethnicities.
C) phylogenies.
D) races.

Question 5

All human beings of every race share what percentage of their DNA?

A) 80 percent
B) 90 percent
C) 98 percent
D) 99.9 percent

Question 6

What comprises all of the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form?

A) genotype
B) race
C) RNA
D) phenotype

Question 7

If a person inherits genes for a dark complexion and blue eyes from his or her parents,this refers to

A) DNA.
B) phenotype.
C) genotype.
D) race.

Question 8

Over the course of three hundred years,the forced transport of millions of Africans to North and South America helped lay the groundwork for

A) fascism.
B) slavery.
C) racism.
D) white supremacy.

Question 9

The idea that government policies should favor people born in the United States over immigrants such as Mexicans or Canadians (legal or otherwise)is known as

A) eugenics.
B) "home first."
C) nativism.
D) nationalism.

Question 10

Which term refers to laws implemented after the U.S.Civil War to legally enforce segregation,particularly in the South,after the end of slavery?

A) caste
B) discrimination
C) Jim Crow
D) "darky"

Question 11

What rule assigns the children of racially mixed unions to the subordinate group?

A) miscegenation
B) hypodescent
C) racialization
D) drop down

Question 12

Gregor Mendel,a monk in the mid-nineteenth century,discovered that crossing white- and purple-flowered pea plants yielded purple flowers and not a blend of the two colors.This eventually led to the discovery of what we now call

A) ethnicity.
B) genotype.
C) race.
D) phenotype.

Question 13

The recent changes in the United States around same-sex marriage have been supported to some degree by what aspect of earlier civil rights legal issues?

A) apartheid
B) racialization
C) hypodescent
D) miscegenation

Question 14

Human beings are pretty much identical and share almost 99.9 percent of their DNA.Knowing this,how might we understand the observable differences in body ratios-height versus width-that anthropologists have documented?

A) This is a matter of race.
B) This is a matter of inheritance.
C) This is a matter of ethnicity.
D) This is a matter of phenotype.

Question 15

People who believe that civic policies should favor native-born people over immigrants espouse the concept of

A) eugenics.
B) "home first."
C) nationalism.
D) nativism.

Question 16

A Saint Bernard and a Chihuahua are of the same species but look very different.It is possible to breed the two and get a puppy that might look like something else entirely but still be a dog.Why might dogs be of interest to an anthropologist?

A) It could help resolve the question of race.
B) It could help us understand the nature of ethnicity.
C) It could help us better understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
D) It provides a vital platform for the study of DNA.

Question 17

What might be a reason for the term miscegenation being a demeaning word?

A) Racist thinking demands adherence to a strict social standard that hinges entirely on correctness of skin color,so intermarriage would violate this social norm.
B) Racist thinking often conflates human beings with nonhuman animals,so intermarriage might mean marriage to nonhuman species.
C) Racist thinking structures a society around a particular kind of social order with whites and nonwhites kept physically separate,so intermarriage would allow physical mixing.
D) Racist thinking organizes social boundaries along the lines of descent,thus intermarriage would confuse ancestral lineage and paternity.

Question 18

A useful way to consider the inherent problem of racially dividing people is described in

A) doctors sorting according to brain size.
B) children sorting according to block size.
C) anthropologists sorting according to height.
D) coaches sorting according to athletic prowess.

Question 19

A person may inherit a genetic pattern for above-average height,but may only reach average height due to poor nutrition.This is an expression of that person's

A) genotype.
B) phenotype.
C) cline.
D) DNA.

Question 20

After the Civil War,many states passed laws mandating the segregation of American citizens of European and African descent.These policies were known as

A) white supremacy.
B) discrimination.
C) "darky" laws.
D) Jim Crow.

Question 21

Brazilians have hundreds of ways of categorizing people according to race,and use a continuum of

A) clines.
B) ethnicities.
C) phylogenies.
D) color shades.

Question 22

In order to make discriminatory ideas and behavior seem reasonable and normal,a few societies invoked popular ideas about racial differences known as

A) racial ideology.
B) racialization.
C) nativism.
D) colonialism.

Question 23

To categorize,differentiate,and attribute a particular racial character to a person or group of people is referred to as

A) stereotyping.
B) racial ideology.
C) discrimination.
D) racialization.

Question 24

To apply stereotypical traits to people based on their supposed racial ancestry is called

A) segregation.
B) prejudice.
C) racial ideology.
D) racialization.

Question 25

When cultural institutions,policies,and systems such as school and justice systems are used to enforce discrimination based on imagined differences among groups,this is known as

A) racialization.
B) racial ideology.
C) profiling.
D) institutional racism.

Question 26

What study claims to be a science,but only promotes the idea that biological races exist,favoring one race over others?

A) fascism
B) eugenics
C) institutional racism
D) segregation

Question 27

In Brazil,race is not merely a matter of skin color but also includes consideration of

A) wealth and marital status.
B) marital status and landownership.
C) job status and spousal status.
D) wealth and education.

Question 28

While health,education,decent housing and employment are something that most of us would agree are fundamental to all people,these are often denied as a result of

A) white privilege.
B) a culture of poverty.
C) a lack of social capital.
D) stratified whiteness.

Question 29

In 1967,the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional,which ended the legal practice of

A) anti-miscegenation.
B) hypodescent.
C) dilution.
D) mixing.

Question 30

When a person acts on personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminates against someone based on imagined differences between them,this is referred to as

A) alienation.
B) individual racism.
C) private racism.
D) profiling.

Question 31

Recent clashes between police and African American populations in urban settings have led to an explosion of violence,and some have suggested that the police responses are the result of

A) alienation.
B) institutional racism.
C) a lack of racial sensitivity training.
D) individual racism.

Question 32

Laws in the United States that allowed such things as "white only" swimming pools,restaurants,schools,beaches,and the like,similar to apartheid in South Africa,were known as

A) Jim Crow.
B) white supremacy.
C) eugenics.
D) segregation.

Question 33

Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power,resources,and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups are referred to as

A) ethnocentrism.
B) prejudice.
C) racism.
D) white supremacy.

Question 34

What term describes policies favoring native-born inhabitants over new immigrants?

A) nativism
B) eugenics
C) racism
D) colonialism

Question 35

The attempt to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population's genetic composition by favoring some races over others is known as

A) racialization.
B) nativism.
C) institutional racism.
D) eugenics.

Question 36

To what does the word drop in the "one drop rule" refer?

A) genes
B) dark skin
C) blood
D) ancestral lineage

Question 37

Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions,policies,and systems are referred to as

A) racialization.
B) fascism.
C) institutional racism.
D) racial ideology.

Question 38

The widespread idea in the nineteenth century that it was okay to discriminate against nonwhite people (Italian,Irish,Jewish,and African)because they were biologically different,and not fully human,was called

A) eugenics.
B) institutional racism.
C) fascism.
D) white supremacy.

Question 39

A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable,rational,and normal is referred to as

A) colonialism.
B) fascism.
C) nativism.
D) racial ideology.

Question 40

A methodology that claims to be improving the human race by advocating in favor of certain races and unequal treatment for others is

A) Aryanism.
B) eugenics.
C) fascism.
D) nativism.

Question 41

Compare and contrast how races have been constructed in two different cultures discussed in the text.What similarities are there,and how are they different? What does this tell us about the concept of race in general?

Question 42

Identify three factors that determine race in Brazil.

Question 43

A set of ideas about a group of people,such as "All Irishmen are drunks who beat their wives" or "All Arabs are terrorists," that then makes it seem natural and normal to discriminate against them is referred to as

A) group racism.
B) institutional racism.
C) racist ideology.
D) fascism.

Question 44

People from the Middle East have been considered "white" in the United States for some time,but since September 11,anyone with brown skin who seems foreign or strange is now considered "different" and possibly an enemy.This is an example of

A) discrimination.
B) segregation.
C) racialization.
D) individual racism.

Question 45

The British Empire's military,economic,and political control over Malaysia was an aspect of

A) colonialism.
B) fascism.
C) imperialism.
D) globalism.

Question 46

In many countries,members of the dominant ethnic or racial group tend to favor other members of their own group,give them the benefit of any doubt,and take what other members say more seriously.Minorities are often discounted as less important or even hostile for insisting on being treated fairly.In the United States,this is called

A) white privilege.
B) nepotism.
C) patronage.
D) cronyism.

Question 47

Compare and contrast the concepts genotype and phenotype.

Question 48

Explain what is meant by the concept of "white privilege."

Question 49

A complex mixture of European powers in what is today called South Africa eventually gave rise to a system that divided the country along racial lines until the 1990s.The historical legacy that fostered this was

A) colonialism.
B) communism.
C) apartheid.
D) imperialism.

Question 50

Explain how and why the "one drop rule" was traditionally used to determine race in American culture.

Question 51

A person who believes that Italians are somehow inferior and therefore refuses to give an Italian person a job is demonstrating

A) racist ideology.
B) individual racism.
C) white supremacy.
D) nativism.

Question 52

Identify three reasons why anthropologists feel that the concept of "race" is a flawed system of classification,and give an example to support each reason.

Question 53

The United States' involvement in Vietnam and the subsequent war was the result of a long legacy of French and United States involvement in Vietnamese economic,military,and political life and can today be understood as a form of

A) democracy.
B) colonialism.
C) despotism.
D) imperialism.

Question 54

Practices like segregation that separate groups of people and relegate one group to inferior conditions like run-down schools while the other group gets top-of-the-line schools with the latest equipment is an example of ________ racism.

A) institutional
B) political
C) group
D) individual

Question 55

Explain why geneticists state that dividing people into races by skin color is as logical as dividing them by earwax.

Question 56

In at least two cultures discussed in the text,wealth is a factor in determining race.Explain how money can have an effect on racial determination,a supposedly biological classification,and provide an example from class.

Question 57

During the Civil War,many African Americans,then slaves,made the decision to escape their captors and flee to the North in hopes of securing personal freedom.The Underground Railroad made ________ racism possible.

A) institutional
B) personal
C) reverse
D) resisting

Question 58

The right to own a gun is today considered fundamental to many in the United States.While the Second Amendment to the Constitution is often considered the origin of this ideal,it actually was instituted by elites as one of many special "white rights" to ensure cooperation against rebellions and subsequently became part of

A) cultural hedging.
B) the Revolutionary War.
C) the invention of white privilege.
D) stratified whiteness.

Question 59

Explain how and why Jim Crow laws came to the American South.

Question 60

Explain how the idea of "white" or "whiteness" changed over time in the United States.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the concepts of individual racism with institutional racism.Provide examples from class to support your points.

Question 62

Explain how the race system in Brazil is considered a racial democracy.

Question 63

Explain how race is constructed in Brazil.

Question 64

Explain how European colonial expansion gave rise to race and racism.

Question 65

Explain the concept of racialization and how it applies to Middle Eastern people in the United States.