Deck 6: Learning, Memory, and Training

Question 1

When a cat responds to the opening of a cupboard because it expects food, the opening of the cupboard is the:

A)Conditioned response
B)Unconditioned stimulus
C)Conditioned stimulus
D)Unconditioned response

Answer 1

Conditioned stimulus

Question 2

A gradual weakening of the strength of the conditioned response is referred to as:

A)Extinguishment
B)Extinction
C)The unconditioned response
D)Generalization

Answer 2

Extinction

Question 3

The salivation of Pavlov's dog after the sound of a buzzer is referred to as:

A)Generalization
B)Extinction
C)The conditioned response
D)The unconditioned response

Answer 3

Generalization

Question 4

Confronting a person with a fear-eliciting stimulus without an avenue for escape is called:

A)Flooding
B)Exposure
C)Forcing
D)Conditioning

Question 5

The capacity to distinguish between two stimuli, so that the appropriate response to the correct stimulus is made, is called:

A)Operant conditioning
B)Precision
C)Accuracy
D)Discrimination

Question 6

In contrast to classical conditioning, in operant conditioning:

A)Learners make responses to a conditioned stimulus and not to unconditioned stimuli
B)Learners must make some response before their behaviour is reinforced or rewarded
C)Learners make a response to unconditioned stimuli only
D)Learners must make some response after their behaviour is reinforced or rewarded

Question 7

A small delay between behaviour and reinforcement is referred to as:

A)Contraction
B)Contingency
C)Contiguity
D)Close occurrence

Question 8

Providing reinforcement only when the desired behaviour occurs is described as:

A)Contiguity
B)Contingent
C)Specificity
D)Selectivity

Question 9

Reinforcing responses at a fixed ratio is a form of:

A)Intermittent or partial reinforcement
B)Continuous reinforcement
C)Regulated reinforcement
D)Ratio reinforcement

Question 10

Linear programming:

A)Is linked to the concept of classical conditioning
B)Involves presenting small pieces of information at an acceptable level of difficulty for the learner
C)Involves learners receiving reinforcement in an immediate but linear manner
D)All of these

Question 11

Keeping the desired behaviour in mind, before selecting the appropriate model capable of exemplifying the way to proceed, is called:

A)Framing
B)Shaping
C)Modelling
D)Activating

Question 12

In contrast to operant conditioning, social learning theory takes into account:

A)Both situational factors and social norms
B)Both situational and personal factors
C)Both personal factors and social factors
D)Both social factors and individual factors

Question 13

The form of learning that is not manifest at the time learning takes place is called:

A)Automatic learning
B)Insight learning
C)Unconscious learning
D)Latent learning

Question 14

Memory is divided into which of the following categories?

A)Long-term, short-term, and working memory
B)Procedural, declarative, and working memory
C)Long-term, instant, and procedural memory
D)Factual, procedural, and motor skill memory

Question 15

Internal structures, developed through experience, which organize incoming infor-mation in relation to previous experience, are called:

A)Frames
B)Latent structures
C)Schemata
D)Mental models

Question 16

Retroactive, proactive, and repression are all important forms of:

A)Recall
B)Forgetting
C)Mnemonics
D)Interference

Question 17

In knowledge management, the literature discriminates between:

A)Theoretical and applicable knowledge
B)Tacit and explicit knowledge
C)Practical and applicable knowledge
D)Implicit and explicit knowledge

Question 18

Within the idea of the learning organization, double-loop learning refers to the process of:

A)Questioning whether the operating standards are still appropriate
B)Learning to correct errors that arise from using a particular set of operating standards
C)Questioning whether the mission statement of the organization is still appropriate
D)Learning to correct errors that arise from the current mission statement of an organization

Question 19

When previous learning in a particular task hinders learning in another task this is called:

A)Positive transfer
B)Negative transfer
C)Proactive transfer
D)Sequential transfer

Question 20

In the context of factors influencing skills acquisition, the progressive (cumulative) part method is:

A)An extension of the whole method
B)An extension of the part method
C)A compromise between the part and whole methods
D)Opposite to the part and whole methods

Question 21

Which of the following factors does not influence the acquisition of skills to perform effectively?

A)Induction
B)Part or whole methods
C)Knowledge of results or feedback
D)Massed or distributed practice

Question 22

According to Wexley, the assessment of needs can be considered at the following three levels of analysis:

A)Organization analysis, task analysis, and person analysis
B)Organization analysis, person analysis, and demographic analysis
C)Task analysis, demographic analysis, and person analysis
D)Individual analysis, team analysis, and company analysis

Question 23

Within task analysis, KSAs refer to:

A)Knowledge, skills, and attitudes
B)Know-how, skills, and affect
C)Knowing, seeing, and awareness
D)Know-how, sensitivity, and aptitude

Question 24

Lectures in their purest form, videotapes, and film, are examples of:

A)Two-way communication
B)Simulations
C)One-way communication
D)None of these

Question 25

In behaviour role modelling, trying out the newly learned behaviours in the job is referred to as:

A)Transfer of learning
B)Rehearsal
C)Retention
D)Modelling

Question 26

Which of the following is an on-the job training method?

A)Mentoring
B)Induction courses
C)Coaching
D)All of these

Question 27

Frequently, it is stated that continuous development is a necessary part of self-development in contemporary organizations because:

A)It leads to a vocational qualification as its prime objective
B)It allocates the cost of personal development squarely on the shoulders of employees
C)In a rapidly changing world employees can no longer rely on knowledge and skills acquired on gaining their initial qualification
D)None of these

Question 28

Talent management has the following characteristics:

A)A strategic approach to the development of human capital
B)Seeks to attract, identify, develop, engage, retain, and deploy individuals, who are particularly valuable to the organization
C)Broadening its coverage to include more staff than in the heyday of succession planning
D)All of these

Question 29

Web-based learning, or technology-based learning, is said to have advantages because:

A)It is likely to appeal to the more confident learner as it is conducive to a self-directed approach to learning
B)Learners can access knowledge at a time convenient to them
C)Information can be transmitted to employees at high speed, and regular updates to the material are possible
D)All of these

Question 30

Which of the following is an approach to evaluating training?

A)Birdi's TOTADO
B)Kilpatrick's framework
C)Hamblin's approach
D)All of these

Question 31

It is said that many organizations, even those with a notable commitment to employee learning and development, tend not to take the evaluation of training seriously because:

A)It is a difficult exercise to undertake
B)The necessary internal expertise is not available
C)There is little enthusiasm for going ahead with an exercise of this nature
D)All of these

Question 32

Which of the following is true?

A)Holland's theory of career choice is related to personality traits or types
B)Holland's theory of choice is the same as Schein's career anchor theory
C)The concept of career choice has no relevance to training and development in organizations
D)None of these