Question 1

In an experiment, which of the following does the researcher systematically vary?&#10;A) Confounding variables&#10;B) Dependent variables&#10;C) Independent variables&#10;D) Control variables

Accepted Answer

In an experiment, the researcher systematically varies the independent variables to observe their effect on the dependent variables, while trying to keep confounding and control variables constant to ensure the validity of the results.

Question 2

What is the name for an experimental design represented by:
R ? O₁ ? X ? O₂
R ? O₁ O₂

A) posttest-only experiment
B) posttest-only control group experiment
C) pretest-posttest control group experiment
D) pretest-posttest experiment

pretest-posttest control group experiment

Accepted Answer

This design is a pretest-posttest control group experiment, where both groups are randomly assigned (R), one group receives the treatment (X) and both groups are measured before (O1) and after (O2) the treatment.

Question 3

__________ is one where two events co-occur but have no genuine relationship with one another.&#10;A) Cross-tabulation&#10;B) Spurious correlation&#10;C) Regression&#10;D) Causation

Accepted Answer

Spurious correlation refers to a situation where two variables appear to be related to each other but are actually both influenced by a third variable, leading to a false assumption of a direct causal relationship between them.

Question 4

What is the name for an experimental design represented by:
R ? O₁ ? X ? O₂
R ? O₁ O₂

A) posttest-only experiment
B) posttest-only control group experiment
C) pretest-posttest control group experiment
D) pretest-posttest experiment

pretest-posttest control group experiment

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the name for an experimental...

Question 5

In an experiment, which of the following does the researcher measure?&#10;A) Confounding variables&#10;B) Dependent variables&#10;C) Independent variables&#10;D) Control variables

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured in an experiment. It is the variable that is affected by the independent variable.

Question 6

What is the name for an experimental design represented by:
R ? O₁ ? X ? O₂
R ? O₁ O₂

A) posttest-only experiment
B) posttest-only control group experiment
C) pretest-posttest control group experiment
D) pretest-posttest experiment

pretest-posttest control group experiment

Accepted Answer

The design represented by R ? O₁ ? X ? O₂ is a pretest-posttest experiment, where observations are made before (O₁) and after (O₂) the treatment (X) on the same group.

Question 7

What is the name for an experimental design represented by:
R ? O₁ ? X ? O₂
R ? O₁ O₂

A) posttest-only experiment
B) posttest-only control group experiment
C) pretest-posttest control group experiment
D) pretest-posttest experiment

pretest-posttest control group experiment

Accepted Answer

This design is a posttest-only control group experiment, indicated by the presence of random assignment (R), a control group, and an experimental group that receives the treatment (X) followed by an observation (O) without a pretest.

Question 8

Which of the following research methods is good for establishing causality?&#10;A) Focus groups&#10;B) Surveys&#10;C) Experiments&#10;D) Content analyses

Accepted Answer

Experiments are designed to test hypotheses under controlled conditions, which allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a threat to internal validity of an experiment?&#10;A) History&#10;B) Maturation&#10;C) Testing effects&#10;D) Selection&#10;E) Randomization

Accepted Answer

Randomization is a method used to control for confounding variables in an experiment, thereby enhancing its internal validity, not threatening it. It ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, reducing bias and increasing the reliability of the experimental results.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a threat to internal validity of an experiment?&#10;A) Instrumentation&#10;B) Selection&#10;C) Conducting the experiment in a laboratory&#10;D) Experimental mortality&#10;E) Interaction effects

Accepted Answer

Conducting the experiment in a laboratory is not a threat to internal validity. Instead, it often helps control extraneous variables, thereby potentially increasing internal validity. Threats like instrumentation, selection, experimental mortality, and interaction effects can introduce biases or changes that affect the experiment's outcome, questioning the cause-and-effect relationship being studied.

Question 11

If Internal validity : Laboratory experiments, External validity : __________.&#10;A) Simulations&#10;B) Field experiments&#10;C) Surveys&#10;D) Focus groups

Accepted Answer

The answer of If Internal validity : Laboratory experiments, External...

Question 12

In experiments a random assignment to groups is the same as an arbitrary assignment to groups.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In experiments a random assignment to groups...

Question 13

The term &#34;factor&#34; is just another fancy name for independent variable

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term &#34;factor&#34; is just another fancy...

Question 14

The advantage of the repeated-measures design is that fewer subjects are necessary because each subject participates in all conditions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The advantage of the repeated-measures design is...

Question 15

Causation simply cannot meaningfully be inferred from correlation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Causation simply cannot meaningfully be inferred from...

Question 16

Correlations are essentially the same as causation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Correlations are essentially the same as causation....

Question 17

Researchers design experiments specifically in order to be able to make claims about causation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers design experiments specifically in order to...

Question 18

What does randomization accomplish in experiments?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What does randomization accomplish in experiments?...

Question 19

How are correlations different from causation? Which research method establishes causation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How are correlations different from causation? Which...

Deck 24: Experimental Research