Question 1

What is 'ontology'?&#10;A) A view of what kinds of things exist.&#10;B) A view of what we can know about things that exist.&#10;C) The methods we can use to find out about things.&#10;D) A form of reflexive discourse.

Accepted Answer

Ontology is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of being, existence, or reality in general and of the basic categories of being and their relations. It essentially addresses what kinds of things exist.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a part of science?&#10;A) Observing regularities&#10;B) Making predictions&#10;C) Testing predictions&#10;D) Making assumptions

Accepted Answer

Making assumptions is not inherently a part of science; rather, science involves observing regularities, making and testing predictions based on empirical evidence. Assumptions may be used in forming hypotheses, but the scientific method emphasizes observation, experimentation, and evidence over mere assumptions.

Question 3

What did the Viennese circle of philosophers add to positivism to form logical positivism?&#10;A) Induction&#10;B) Propositional logic&#10;C) Deduction&#10;D) Predicate calculus

Accepted Answer

Deduction&#10;

Question 4

What did Popper suggest as a hallmark of a good scientific theory?&#10;A) Parsimony&#10;B) Falsifiability&#10;C) Empiricism&#10;D) Determinism

Accepted Answer

Popper suggested that falsifiability, the ability of a theory to be disproven by empirical evidence, is a hallmark of a good scientific theory. This criterion helps differentiate scientific theories from non-scientific ones.

Question 5

How did Kuhn suggest science develops?&#10;A) Through incremental improvement.&#10;B) Through the efforts of a few great individuals.&#10;C) Through the development of new technology.&#10;D) Through paradigm shifts.

Accepted Answer

Kuhn suggested that science develops through paradigm shifts, a concept he elaborated in his book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." He argued that scientific progress is not linear but occurs through revolutionary changes in the fundamental concepts and theories that underpin scientific disciplines.

Question 6

Which of the following is not an aim of science?&#10;A) Description&#10;B) Prediction&#10;C) Prescription&#10;D) Control

Accepted Answer

Science aims to describe, predict, and control phenomena based on empirical evidence and observation. Prescription, however, is more related to the application of scientific knowledge in specific contexts, such as medicine or policy-making, rather than a direct aim of science itself.

Question 7

What is another term for the scientific method in psychology?&#10;A) The hypothetico-deductive method.&#10;B) The observational method.&#10;C) The correlational method.&#10;D) The longitudinal method.

Accepted Answer

The hypothetico-deductive method is another term for the scientific method, which involves forming hypotheses and then testing them through deduction and experimentation.

Question 8

Three of the following are necessary to be able to claim that one variable has caused a change in another variable. Which one answer does not allow us to make that claim?&#10;A) An experimental design.&#10;B) A correlation between the two variables.&#10;C) Control for other variables.&#10;D) Accurate measurement.

Accepted Answer

A correlation between two variables does not imply causation. While correlation indicates a relationship or association between variables, it does not establish that one variable causes a change in another. Experimental design, control for other variables, and accurate measurement are necessary components to establish causality.

Question 9

What term is used to describe a study where there are pre-existing groups of participants?&#10;A) A correlational design.&#10;B) A quasi-experimental design.&#10;C) A multi-factorial design.&#10;D) A multi-variate design.

Accepted Answer

A quasi-experimental design involves studies where participants are not randomly assigned to conditions, often because they are in pre-existing groups.

Question 10

Which of the following statements does not apply to quasi-experiments?&#10;A) We can identify differences between groups.&#10;B) We cannot ascribe causality.&#10;C) We can use standard statistical techniques.&#10;D) We can manipulate the independent variable.

Accepted Answer

Quasi-experiments lack the full control over the assignment of participants to conditions that true experiments have, meaning researchers do not manipulate the independent variable directly. Instead, they study variables as they naturally occur or make comparisons based on pre-existing groups.

Question 11

Which of the following is a hypothetical construct?&#10;A) A psychological phenomenon we can observe directly.&#10;B) A way of measuring tangible objects.&#10;C) A psychological phenomenon that we assume exists but cannot directly measure.&#10;D) A way of measuring intangible objects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a hypothetical...

Question 12

What assumption underlies the principle of operationism?&#10;A) That unobservable factors have observable consequences.&#10;B) That we can directly measure intangible constructs.&#10;C) That psychological constructs are always tangible.&#10;D) That we should not investigate things we cannot observe directly.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What assumption underlies the principle of operationism?&#10;A)...

Question 13

Which of the following is not a potential issue in doing psychology scientifically?&#10;A) There may be difficulties with measurement.&#10;B) People may react to being studied.&#10;C) Studies may lack validity.&#10;D) Psychology cannot be done scientifically.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 14

What is 'internal validity'?&#10;A) The extent to which the results of a study can be generalised.&#10;B) The extent to which a study investigates what it purports to investigate.&#10;C) The extent to which a study will produce the same results if repeated.&#10;D) The extent to which two groups in a study differ.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is 'internal validity'?&#10;A) The extent to...

Question 15

Which of the following is not a threat to external validity?&#10;A) The size of the effect found.&#10;B) The need to have internal validity.&#10;C) The representativeness of the sample.&#10;D) The reliability of the measurements used.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 16

What term is used to refer to participant artefacts where participants try to do what they think is expected of them?&#10;A) The good subject effect&#10;B) The halo effect&#10;C) The Hawthorne effect&#10;D) The horns effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of What term is used to refer to...

Question 17

Which of the following is not a class of experimenter artefacts?&#10;A) Observer effects&#10;B) Interpreter effects&#10;C) Accidental effects&#10;D) Expectancy effects

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 18

When does reification occur?&#10;A) When we prove that a hypothetical construct exists.&#10;B) When we wrongly assume that a hypothetical construct exists.&#10;C) When we successfully measure a phenomenon.&#10;D) When a measure is reliable over time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When does reification occur?&#10;A) When we prove...

Question 19

Which of the following is not a feature of new paradigm research methods?&#10;A) They study people in real life settings.&#10;B) They use open-ended methods to gather information.&#10;C) They see participants as collaborators in the research.&#10;D) They emphasize the need to maintain objectivity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 20

Which of the following is not a commonly held view about research methods in psychology?&#10;A) Psychology is and should be a science.&#10;B) Psychology should reject scientific methods and use new paradigm methods exclusively.&#10;C) Psychology should reject empiricism.&#10;D) Psychology should use a mix of methods.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Deck 2: Psychology As a Science