Question 1

The existential self is sometimes known as:&#10;A) the 'I'.&#10;B) the 'me'.&#10;C) the categorical self.&#10;D) the individual self.

Accepted Answer

The existential self refers to the sense of being separate and distinct from others, an awareness of the constancy of the self (the 'I') over time. It is the most basic part of self-concept, the awareness that the self is a separate entity.

Question 2

Which of the following statements has NOT been supported by research findings?&#10;A) Newborns prefer faces to other similar stimuli.&#10;B) Newborns look longer at attractive faces.&#10;C) Newborns can imitate adult facial expressions.&#10;D) Newborns look longer at photographs of themselves than other babies.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that newborns do have a preference for faces over other stimuli, find certain faces more attractive, and can imitate facial expressions. However, there is no strong evidence to suggest that newborns have the ability to recognize themselves in photographs to prefer looking at their own pictures over those of other babies. Self-recognition typically develops around the age of 18 months.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is incorrect?&#10;A) Social referencing involves checking the reactions of others.&#10;B) Social referencing occurs at about 8-9 months.&#10;C) Social referencing occurs at the same age that infants start to show things to other people.&#10;D) Social referencing indicates the presence of the executive self.

Accepted Answer

Social referencing does involve checking the reactions of others to help interpret an uncertain situation, typically begins around 8-9 months of age, and does coincide with the age that infants start to show things to other people, indicating an awareness of others' perspectives. However, it is not directly indicative of the presence of the executive self, which refers to higher-level cognitive processes such as planning, decision-making, and impulse control. Social referencing is more about emotional and social development.

Question 4

At what age do infants react when they see themselves in the mirror with some lipstick on their nose?&#10;A) 12 months.&#10;B) 16 months.&#10;C) 20 months.&#10;D) 24 months.

Accepted Answer

Infants typically begin to show signs of self-recognition, such as reacting to a mark on their nose when they see themselves in a mirror, around 18 to 24 months of age, with 20 months being a common age for this behavior to emerge.

Question 5

A child who believes that a person's gender remains the same despite changes in clothes and appearance has achieved:&#10;A) gender identity.&#10;B) gender stability.&#10;C) gender constancy.&#10;D) gender invariance.

Accepted Answer

Gender constancy is the understanding that a person's gender remains the same despite changes in appearance, clothes, or activities. This concept is typically achieved around age 6 or 7, according to developmental psychology.

Question 6

Which of the following findings is the LEAST problematic for the idea that attachment is caused by reinforcement?&#10;A) Findings about imprinting.&#10;B) The observation that children show distress at separation from their caregiver at about 8-9 months.&#10;C) Schaffer and Emerson's findings about attachment.&#10;D) Harlow's findings about attachment in monkeys.

Accepted Answer

The observation that children show distress at separation from their caregiver at about 8-9 months supports the idea of attachment as an innate process rather than one solely based on reinforcement. This developmental milestone indicates an emotional bond that is not necessarily contingent on being fed or rewarded, thus it is the least problematic for the reinforcement theory of attachment.

Question 7

Who devised the strange situation?&#10;A) Ainsworth&#10;B) Bowlby&#10;C) Schaffer&#10;D) Harlow

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation procedure to observe early emotional attachment between a child and its primary caregiver.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of attachment that is identified by the use of the strange situation?&#10;A) Disorganised&#10;B) Independent&#10;C) Ambivalent&#10;D) Unresponsive

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT considered...

Question 9

Who developed the adult attachment interview?&#10;A) Ainsworth&#10;B) Bowlby&#10;C) Main, Kaplan and Cassidy&#10;D) Van Ijendoorn

Accepted Answer

The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) was developed by Mary Main, Nancy Kaplan, and Jude Cassidy as a method to assess an adult's pattern of attachment by examining their childhood experiences and their effects on current state of mind regarding attachment.

Question 10

Longitudinal studies indicate that:&#10;A) the type of attachment shown in infancy helps to predict later characteristics.&#10;B) maternal responsiveness to infants can affect later development.&#10;C) attachment in infancy affects later behaviour&#10;D) None of the above.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Longitudinal studies indicate that:&#10;A) the type of...

Question 11

Research findings provide support for three of the following statements. Which statement is the exception?&#10;A) Infants under four months do not show prolonged distress when separated from their parents.&#10;B) The separation of young children from their mother usually results in prolonged distress.&#10;C) Separation from parents is a major cause of delinquency.&#10;D) Conflict, not separation from a parent, can result in behaviour problems.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research findings provide support for three of...

Question 12

Which of the following was not identified by Bowlby as a response to separation?&#10;A) Protest&#10;B) Despair&#10;C) Detachment&#10;D) Recovery

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following was not identified...

Question 13

Which of the following statements is inaccurate?&#10;A) Bullies often have assistants and reinforcers.&#10;B) Bullies are poor at understanding other children's thinking and beliefs.&#10;C) About a fifth of children are bullied.&#10;D) Bullying decreases between 8 and 15 years

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is inaccurate?&#10;A)...

Question 14

Which of the following has not discussed the origins of theory of mind?&#10;A) Hobson&#10;B) Leslie&#10;C) Baron-Cohen&#10;D) Kanner

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following has not discussed...

Question 15

Which of the following terms has not been used to try to explain the lack of theory of mind in children with autism?&#10;A) Central coherence&#10;B) Mindblindness&#10;C) Refrigerator parents&#10;D) Metarepresentations

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following terms has not...

Question 16

Which task is not used to assess theory of mind?&#10;A) Windows task&#10;B) Pretend play&#10;C) Maxi task&#10;D) Embedded figures task

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which task is not used to assess...

Question 17

What does mindmindedness involve?&#10;A) Ability to pass TOM tasks.&#10;B) Speech that refers to the thoughts and feelings of an infant.&#10;C) Failing to understand the thinking of others.&#10;D) None of the above.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What does mindmindedness involve?&#10;A) Ability to pass...

Question 18

Adolescence begins:&#10;A) at puberty.&#10;B) when no longer being treated as a child.&#10;C) at the end of the growth spurt.&#10;D) There is no generally agreed definition of the start of adolescence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Adolescence begins:&#10;A) at puberty.&#10;B) when no longer...

Question 19

The focal theory of adolescence supposes that:&#10;A) difficulties occur for some individuals at some times.&#10;B) all adolescents experience storm and stress.&#10;C) the periods of storm and stress are particularly intense.&#10;D) the difficulties of adolescence are based in biological changes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The focal theory of adolescence supposes that:&#10;A)...

Deck 19: The Self, Others and Social Relationships