Deck 7: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Question 1

Which of the following symbolizes the classical conditioning procedure?

A)CS----->US----->UR
B)US----->CS----->UR
C)UR----->US----->CS
D)US----->UR----->CS

Answer 1

CS----->US----->UR

Question 2

Which of the following best exemplifies a conditioned response?

A)stimulus, light; response, pupil contracts
B)S, thunder; R, startle
C)S, lightning; R, cover ears
D)S, falling; R, waving arms about

Answer 2

S, lightning; R, cover ears

Question 3

Which of the following exemplifies an unconditioned response?

A)covering one's ears when one sees lightning
B)leaving a class when the school bell rings
C)withdrawing from a painful stimulus
D)all of the above

Answer 3

withdrawing from a painful stimulus

Question 4

The reappearance of the CR following extinction is referred to as:

A)generalization
B)miraculous resurrection
C)spontaneous recovery
D)more than one of the above

Question 5

A light is paired with a buzzer that was previously paired with food.The light now elicits a conditioned response.This exemplifies:

A)discrimination
B)generalization
C)higher order conditioning
D)backward conditioning

Question 6

Which of the following becomes a secondary reinforcer in classical conditioning?

A)CS
B)US
C)UR
D)CR

Question 7

After twenty-five trials consisting of pairing a tone of 1,500 cps and food, a dog salivates when a tone of 2,500 cps is presented.This is an example of:

A)extinction
B)spontaneous recovery
C)generalization
D)discrimination

Question 8

Egger and Miller found that when one CS precedes another CS and they both precede an US:

A)both are conditioned to the US
B)neither is conditioned to the US
C)the first CS is conditioned but not the second
D)the second is conditioned but not the first

Question 9

Egger and Miller found that for a CS to become a secondary reinforcer it must:

A)precede the CS
B)have information value
C)follow the US
D)all of the above

Question 10

According to Pavlov, the two processes that govern all central nervous system activity are:

A)irradiation and concentration
B)stereotype and mosaic
C)excitation and inhibition
D)conditioning and extinction

Question 11

If some conditioned stimulus "A" always precedes a US, but a compound of "A" with another conditioned stimulus "X" never is paired with the US, presentation of stimulus "X" produces:

A)discrimination
B)conditioned inhibition
C)irradiation
D)blocking

Question 12

Pavlov referred to stimuli that signal biologically significant events as the:

A)conditioned stimuli
B)symbols
C)reinforcers
D)first signal system

Question 13

When a CR is trained in one setting and extinguished in another, it will often reappear if the CS is presented to animal in the first (training) setting.This is

A)the renewal effect
B)the reinstatement effect
C)the reminiscence effect
D)spontaneous retraining

Question 14

An extinguished CR will reappear if the animal is re-exposed to the original US.This is called

A)the renewal effect
B)reinstatement
C)the reminiscence effect
D)the reminder effect

Question 15

According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory of classical conditioning, the maximum level of conditioning that can be achieved is assumed to be due to:

A)the nature of the US
B)the number of CS-US pairings
C)the intensity or duration of the CS
D)the order of CS-US presentation

Question 16

In the Seligman and Maier (1967) study, it was the dogs that experienced in phase I of the study that were incapable of learning a simple escape or avoidance response in phase II of the study.

A)operant conditioning
B)escapable shock
C)inescapable shock
D)more than one of the above

Question 17

Preexposure to a CS prior to pairing it with a US

A)accelerates conditioning
B)retards conditioning
C)produces helplessness
D)prevents extinction

Question 18

Superconditioning occurs when

A)a strong US is used
B)strong US is paired with strong CS
C)a strong CS is used
D)a conditioned inhibitor is used with US

Question 19

In the Garcia and Koelling experiment, became associated with illness.

A)bright, noisy water
B)pain
C)saccharin solution
D)nausea

Question 20

Wolpe's technique of systematic desensitization is based mainly on .

A)operant conditioning
B)Garcia
C)extinction
D)modeling

Question 21

Ader and his colleagues have demonstrated classical conditioning in

A)green plants
B)sea mollusks
C)bacteria
D)the immune system

Question 22

Pavlov originally called a "conditioned" reflex a(n):

A)unconditioned reflex
B)spontaneous reflex
C)adaptive adjustment
D)"psychic" reflex

Question 23

Which of the following exemplifies an unconditioned stimulus?

A)a blinking light
B)a soft tone
C)a buzzer
D)a painful electrical shock

Question 24

Which of the following exemplifies a conditioned response?

A)your mouth watering when you bite a lemon
B)withdrawing from a painful stimulus
C)your mouth watering because it's dinner time
D)squinting at the bright sun in the middle of the afternoon

Question 25

If a 1600 cycle per second tone is used as a CS during conditioning, it will be found that during a test for generalization the CR of greatest magnitude will be given to a tone of cycles per second.

A)800
B)1600
C)2000
D)2600

Question 26

The opposite of generalization is:

A)conditioning
B)extinction
C)irradiation
D)discrimination

Question 27

According to Pavlov, generalization is explained by an underlying of excitation in the cortex.

A)concentration
B)differentiation
C)irradiation
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 28

A dog has been conditioned to salivate when a light flashes.What happens when an unexpected loud noise occurs when the light is flashed?

A)irradiation
B)external inhibition
C)discrimination
D)disinhibition

Question 29

According to Pavlov, humans can use verbal labels or symbols to anticipate biologically significant events.He referred to these as:

A)the first signal system
B)the second signal system
C)dynamic stereotypes
D)reciprocal induction

Question 30

is demonstrated when conditioning occurs to the dominant component of a compound stimulus but not to the weaker component.

A)Reinstatement
B)Backward conditioning
C)Blocking
D)Overshadowing

Question 31

According to Rescorla, in order for classical conditioning to occur there must be a between a CS and the US.

A)contiguous relationship
B)contingency
C)similarity
D)surprising relationship

Question 32

Rescorla (1966) found that no conditioning occurs when:

A)a CS reliably predicts the US
B)a CS reliably predicts the absence of the US
C)there is no correlation between the CS and the US
D)more than one of the above

Question 33

According to Mackintosh, no conditioning occurs to the newly inserted second CS in phase II of the typical blocking experiment because:

A)all conditioning was "used up" by the first CS in phase I of the experiment
B)it is not attended to
C)there is no contingency between it and the US
D)it is not surprising

Question 34

According to Kamin, conditioning continues as long as

A)a CS is paired with a US
B)the US will support additional conditioning
C)the organism attends to the US
D)the organism is surprised by the occurrence of the US

Question 35

"Learned Irrelevance" is the term used to describe

A)habituation
B)the effects of conditioned inhibition
C)diminished efficacy of a CS used in a random control group
D)the effect of pre-exposure to a CS without an accompanying US

Question 36

Garcia and Koelling found that, when shock was associated with sweetened water, rats:

A)became nauseated
B)developed an aversion to the water
C)did not develop an aversion to the water
D)actually became attracted to the water

Question 37

What is a problem in explaining the development of taste aversions as a classical conditioning phenomenon?

A)the CS-US interval is too long
B)sometimes such aversions develop in one trial
C)such aversions are highly resistant to extinction
D)all of the above

Question 38

The rapid development of taste aversions is referred to as:

A)classical conditioning
B)the Seligman phenomenon
C)species preparedness
D)the Garcia effect

Question 39

Which of the following methods did Watson and Jones find effective in eliminating the fear that Peter had of rabbits?

A)gradually moving a rabbit closer to Peter as Peter ate lunch
B)throwing the rabbit at Peter as he ate lunch
C)giving Peter lunch only if he interacted positively with a rabbit
D)confronting Peter with objects similar to rabbits and assuring Peter that there was nothing to fear

Question 40

Using the method of the CS eliciting undesirable behavior is paired with a US other than the one that reinforces the undesirable behavior.

A)extinction
B)counterconditioning
C)systematic desensitization
D)flooding

Question 41

The first step in the technique of systematic desensitization is to:

A)develop an anxiety hierarchy
B)learn to relax
C)extinguish the fear
D)directly control the CS

Question 42

By pairing saccharin-flavored water with an injection of an immune-suppressing drug, Ader demonstrated

A)that the immune system was resistant to conditioning
B)that only re-administration of the US could produce immune suppression
C)that a truly random control group was needed to demonstrate backward conditioning
D)that the immune system could be classically conditioned