Deck 6: Clark Leonard Hull

Question 1

Hull's formulation of the laws of learning is called a _____theory.

A)stimulus-stimulus
B)psychogenic
C)cross-sectional
D)hypothetical-deductive

Answer 1

hypothetical-deductive

Question 2

In Hull's system, reduction of drive stimuli constitutes:

A)excitation
B)inhibition
C)motivation
D)reinforcement

Answer 2

reinforcement

Question 3

_SH_R symbolizes:

A)reaction potential
B)reactive inhibition
C)conditioned inhibition
D)habit strength

Answer 3

habit strength

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true?

A)reinforcers in the early stages of learning cause greater increases in habit strength than do later reinforcers
B)later reinforcers are more influential than earlier reinforcers
C)reinforcers have the same effect on habit strength at any stage of learning
D)reinforcers do not affect habit strength, they affect only performance

Question 5

The stimuli uniquely associated with a specific need are called:

A)drive stimuli
B)psychogenic needs
C)biological needs
D)stimulus traces

Question 6

The two most important contributors to reaction potential are:

A)habit and drive
B)habit and incentive
C)incentive and intensity
D)drive and incentive

Question 7

I_R symbolizes:

A)incentive motivation
B)conditioned inhibition
C)reactive inhibition
D)latency

Question 8

If one arm of a T-maze is tilted upward at 30 degrees, then more effort is required to reach the goal.Therefore:

A)habit strength would be greater
B)reactive inhibition would be greater
C)reaction potential would be greater
D)reaction threshold would be greater

Question 9

The improvement of performance following the cessation of practice is called:

A)conditioned inhibition
B)the oscillation effect
C)the reminiscence effect
D)generalized habit strength

Question 10

Hull's equation for momentary effective reaction potential (_SE_R) suggests that, other things being equal, if incentive motivation (K) increases, then _SE_R:

A)increases
B)decreases
C)remains the same
D)none of the above

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the Crespi effect?

A)the greater the magnitude of a stimulus, the greater the probability of a learned response
B)performance is related to the size of the incentive
C)performance is better under distributed practice than it is under massed practice
D)an animal will always choose the shortest possible route to a goal

Question 12

If an animal who had been reinforced with a small pellet of food for running down a straight alley runway was switched to a larger pellet of food you would expect its running speed to:

A)increase
B)decrease slightly
C)stay the same
D)decrease sharply

Question 13

Hull changed from a drive reduction theory of learning to a drive stimulus reduction theory of learning because:

A)hunger drives are reduced more slowly than thirst drives
B)drive reduction is rapid; reduction of physical need is not
C)we cannot actually measure drive reduction
D)drive reduction is often too removed from presentation of reinforcement

Question 14

Fractional antedating goal responses (r_G-s_G) are:

A)learned
B)instinctive
C)homeostatic
D)all of the above

Question 15

As far as instrumental conditioning was concerned, Spence was a theorist.

A)reinforcement
B)drive reduction
C)contiguity
D)drive stimulus reduction

Question 16

For Spence, was the energizer of learned behavior.

A)_SH_R
B)I_R
C)_SE_R
D)K

Question 17

The "frustration effect" refers to the fact that:

A)animals are more vigorous following nonreinforcement
B)animals are less vigorous following nonreinforcement
C)creativity is inhibited by frustration
D)creativity is facilitated by frustration

Question 18

A biological deficiency produces:

A)arousal stimuli
B)drive
C)stomach contractions
D)cortical inhibition

Question 19

According to Hull, in order to elicit a learned response:

A)drive needs to be present
B)there must be some habit strength
C)both drive and habit strength are needed
D)neither drive nor habit strength are needed

Question 20

Drive:

A)guides behavior
B)arouses behavior
C)both 1 and 2
D)none of the above

Question 21

Reaction potential equals:

A)S x s
B)1 - 10^-.0305N
C)_SH_R x D
D)_XH_R x D + I_R

Question 22

The theoretical term for muscle fatigue caused by continuously making a response is called:

A)work inhibition
B)fatigue inhibition
C)reactive inhibition
D)conditioned inhibition

Question 23

The learned tendency not to respond is called:

A)acquired inhibition
B)conditioned inhibition
C)permanent inhibition
D)facilitated inhibition

Question 24

K symbolizes:

A)reactive inhibition
B)incentive motivation
C)stimulus intensity
D)response inhibition

Question 25

Hull concluded in 1952 that the size of a reinforcer (K) influenced:

A)learning
B)performance
C)recall
D)none of the above

Question 26

"The greater the intensity of a stimulus, the greater the probability that a learned response will be elicited." This statement describes the:

A)oscillation effect
B)reminiscence effect
C)Crespi effect
D)stimulus-intensity dynamism

Question 27

A reinforcer, according to Hull, is:

A)drive reduction
B)anything that reduces a drive or drive stimuli
C)a satisfying state of affairs
D)none of the above

Question 28

According to Hill, the most serious problem that Hull's theory had was that it:

A)made incorrect predictions
B)was limited in scope
C)made conflicting predictions
D)only explained the behavior of nonhuman animals

Question 29

According to Spence, the greater the value of K, the greater is:

A)drive reduction
B)the conflict between a positive and negative stimulus
C)the expectation of reinforcement
D)the inhibition associated with a learned response

Question 30

According to Amsel, primary frustration (R_F) is what an animal experiences when:

A)it is born
B)it experiences nonreinforcement following reinforced trials
C)it experiences reinforcement following a series of nonreinforced trials
D)more than one of the above

Question 31

Instrumentation to provide information about the state of internal organs or autonomic processes is called

A)autonomia
B)visceral feedback
C)biodata
D)biofeedback

Question 32

Application of instrumental learning principles to conditioning of autonomic responses such as heart rate, blood pressure, or skin temperature

A)is empirically impossible
B)is called visceral conditioning
C)has not been demonstrated in humans
D)has not been demonstrated in nonhumans