Deck 14: Donald Olding Hebb

Question 1

Hebb concluded that intelligence:

A)comes from experience
B)is genetically determined
C)is impossible to measure
D)could not be defined

Answer 1

comes from experience

Question 2

Von Senden found that when previously blind adults had their visual apparatus repaired they:

A)could see almost everything immediately
B)remained totally blind
C)could see everything but figure-ground relationships
D)could see only figure-ground relationships

Answer 2

could see only figure-ground relationships

Question 3

Generally, research has shown that animals reared in an enriched environment are
When compared to animals reared in a more sterile environment.

A)more aggressive
B)more fearful
C)more intelligent
D)less aggressive

Answer 3

more intelligent

Question 4

The concepts of provide the cornerstone of Hebb's neurophysiological theory of learning.

A)mass action and equipotentiality
B)fear and arousal
C)cell assembly and phase sequence
D)reinforcement and classical conditioning principles

Question 5

Hebb argues that sports, TV, movies and paperback thrillers are reinforcing because:

A)humans need successful persons with whom to identify in order to overcome their innate feelings of inferiority
B)they provide a distraction from intolerable threat and anxiety over which humans have no control
C)they excite people, increase their level of arousal and reduce boredom
D)they provide socially safe outlets for destructive impulses

Question 6

The process that is presumed to take place when a short-term memory becomes "fixed" is called:

A)fixation
B)reverberation
C)post-tetanic potentiation
D)consolidation

Question 7

Electroconvulsive shock has what effect on memory?

A)increases and sharpens memory for recent learning especially those immediately prior to the shock
B)prevents retention of information from learning trial immediately preceding the shock
C)wipes out early memories (childhood) while leaving recent memories intact
D)has little or no effect on memory

Question 8

The evidence from cases of retrograde amnesia which supports the consolidation theory of memory is:

A)failure of memory for events following the loss of consciousness
B)the selective forgetting of old well-established memories
C)the failure to recall events that occurred just prior to loss of consciousness
D)all of the above

Question 9

Anterograde amnesia is a condition in which

A)a patient has difficulty acquiring new long-term memories
B)a patient loses memories for events prior to brain injury
C)a patient forgets personal information such as name, address, etc.
D)all of the above

Question 10

A patient who improves task performance with practice but who cannot remember doing the task has disrupted

A)procedural memory
B)declarative memory
C)associative memory
D)cathexis

Question 11

Damage to the hippocampus and related limbic structures disrupts

A)episodic memory
B)short-term memory
C)declarative memory
D)procedural memory

Question 12

Which of the following is not a characteristic of reinforcement by direct brain stimulation?

A)does not satiate
B)extinguishes very slowly
C)performance is poor when intervals between reinforcements are long
D)reinforcement effects interact with drive state

Question 13

The neurotransmitter most closely associated with brain-stimulation reinforcement is

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)norepinephrine
D)endorphin

Question 14

Kandel and his associates have demonstrated that habituation in Aplysia is the result of:

A)active inhibition by a modulatory interneuron
B)a decrease in neurotransmitter output by a sensory neuron
C)long-term potentiation (LTP)
D)a process that provides a good model for Hebb's notion of recruitment

Question 15

The phenomenon called has revealed a mechanism reminiscent of the "reverberating circuits" proposed by Hebb.

A)fractionation
B)sensitization
C)habituation
D)long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 16

Long-Term Depression (LTD) is

A)the most common mood disorder
B)the mechanism underlying long-term potentiation
C)very much like sensitization
D)a neural mechanism that eliminates neurons in a cell assembly

Question 17

The brain's ability to reorganize or modify its connections is called:

A)Hebb's rule
B)the delta rule
C)potentiation
D)neuroplasticity

Question 18

According to Hebb's rule (or the Hebbian rule), the connection between two neurons will be strengthened if:

A)long-term potentiation (LTP) occurs
B)sensitization between the two neurons occurs
C)one neuron is active after a reliable and meaningful signal is generated by the activity of the other neuron
D)both neurons are active at the same time

Question 19

While simple networks can use the Hebb rule, more sophisticated systems like NETtalk use:

A)the NET rule
B)the Back rule
C)the propagation algorithm
D)the delta rule

Question 20

The most startling outcome of Lashley's research was his finding that the of the destroyed portion of the brain was not as important as the of destruction.

A)location...amount
B)amount...location
C)size...kind
D)shape...location

Question 21

Lashley's principle of Equipotentiality states that:

A)one part of the cortex can take over for an injured part
B)loss ability is proportional to the amount of cortical destruction
C)disruption in learning is related to the complexity of the learning task
D)all of these

Question 22

When comparing the loss of mental function following injury to a child's brain as compared to injury to an adult's brain, Hebb reported that:

A)both caused about the same amount of damage
B)injury to the adult brain caused more damage
C)injury to the child's brain caused more damage
D)neither caused any detectable damage

Question 23

According to Hebb animals reared in an enriched environment:

A)learn from other animals
B)develop more cell assemblies and phase sequence
C)develop their visual apparatus more fully
D)get more attention from the experimenters

Question 24

According to Hebb, if a cell assembly is stimulated, one experiences:

A)an idea
B)a stream of thought
C)an emotion
D)none of the above

Question 25

According to Hebb, if a phase sequence is stimulated one experiences:

A)an idea
B)a stream of thought
C)an emotion
D)none of the above

Question 26

According to Hebb what characterizes infant and early childhood learning?

A)motion
B)insight
C)development of cell assemblies and phase sequences
D)reinforcement

Question 27

According to Hebb adult learning involves:

A)reasoning
B)free will
C)rearrangement of phase sequences
D)development of new cell assemblies

Question 28

Hebb's arousal theory equates reinforcement with:

A)increase in drive
B)decrease in drive
C)an increase or decrease in drive, depending on the circumstances
D)neither an increase nor a decrease in drive

Question 29

Reverberatory circuits, or holding mechanisms, are thought to provide the:

A)physiological basis of long-term memories
B)explanation of visual illusions
C)physiological basis of recent, or short-term, memories
D)short circuiting of sensory information

Question 30

If the hippocampus is damaged, a patient may develop

A)retrograde amnesia
B)anterograde amnesia
C)global amnesia
D)transglobal amnesia

Question 31

Damage to the basal ganglia can produce deficits in

A)procedural memory
B)explicit memory
C)short-term memory
D)declarative memory

Question 32

Contemporary research concerning the role of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens suggests:

A)that dopamine is "pure pleasure"
B)that release of dopamine is related to craving or wanting
C)that release of dopamine is unrelated to addiction behaviors
D)that dopamine is not found in the nucleus accumbens

Question 33

Kandel and his associates showed that sensitization in Aplysia occurs due to:

A)inhibition of an inhibitory process
B)facilitation of the sensory neuron by a modulatory interneuron
C)actual decrease in neurotransmitter release by the sensory neuron
D)long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 34

In order to become active, NMDA receptors:

A)must be stimulated by norepinephrine
B)must be stimulated at the same time as non-NMDA receptors
C)must be stimulated by LTP
D)must be stimulated by spectrin

Question 35

Research by Gage and his colleagues has demonstrated that:

A)some parts of the brain generate new neurons well into adulthood
B)the brain constantly forms new dendrites
C)re-learning is impossible after brain injury
D)the total number of neurons in the brain is fixed before birth

Question 36

Neural networks can simulate:

A)recovery from certain kinds of brain damage
B)discrimination learning
C)language learning
D)all of the above