Deck 3: Native Peoples of the Arctic

Question 1

The Arctic is sometimes called a "desert" because

A)it has dry sandy areas that resemble deserts under the snow.
B)it receives little precipitation or evaporation.
C)nothing grows there.
D)the subsoil never thaws.

Answer 1

it receives little precipitation or evaporation.

Question 2

The three major items of Arctic clothing are

A)snowshoes, mittens, and hooded parkas.
B)hats, pants, and fur shirts.
C)hats, mittens, and sealskin overalls.
D)pants, mukluks, and hooded parkas.

Answer 2

pants, mukluks, and hooded parkas.

Question 3

Sculpture was the principal art form, and the most common medium was

A)clay.
B)bronze.
C)limestone.
D)walrus ivory.

Answer 3

walrus ivory.

Question 4

Problems the Arctic people have today include

A)the inability to speak English.
B)few jobs and malnutrition.
C)cancers caused by solar radiation.
D)the disappearance of wetlands and bogs.

Question 5

The two most essential economic activities of an Aleut village were

A)hunting caribou and polar bears.
B)fishing and herding island sheep.
C)fishing and sea mammal hunting.
D)growing crops in the short summer and hunting seals.

Question 6

The Quebec Inuit entertained themselves with

A)archery and blanket tosses.
B)painting with dyes made from lichens and mosses on bark.
C)rowing contests.
D)foot races.

Question 7

By 2015 the Quebec Inuit

A)had a school system based on computer technology.
B)were an aging population with a low birth rate.
C)lived in about a dozen settlements in Nunavik.
D)had never been given any land.

Question 8

How was the Arctic culture and technology dominated by the application of skins?

Question 9

Describe the importance of the nuclear family as a primary social unit among Arctic groups.How did marriage offset the demanding physical environment?

Question 10

What was the main concern of Arctic religion? Did they believe in the existence of souls? Explain.What was the role of the shaman?

Question 11

Discuss the Unangan social divisions.What was the role of the headman?

Question 12

The typical Arctic house was

A)made of snow.
B)made of driftwood, whalebone, and sod.
C)made of rock and straw.
D)portable.

Question 13

The average Arctic family ate all of the following EXCEPT

A)salmon.
B)caribou, if available.
C)duck eggs.
D)wild vegetables.

Question 14

When members of an Arctic group died, they were usually

A)buried below ground.
B)cremated.
C)placed in cairn graves or on platforms.
D)wrapped in blankets and released into waterways.

Question 15

Arctic people can be categorized into several groups, including all of the following EXCEPT the

A)Unangan.
B)Yup'ik.
C)Inuit.
D)Nimiipuu.

Question 16

The cycle of light above the Arctic Circle can be described as

A)constant daylight from April through August.
B)constant daylight from November through February.
C)twilight for 10 months of the year.
D)daily cycles of light and dark.

Question 17

The European impact on Arctic people includes

A)decreased violence as they converted to Christianity.
B)depleted game and increased dependency on traders.
C)better general health.
D)introduction of the kayak.

Question 18

The first known contact with the Inuit of the eastern Arctic was by

A)fishermen from Northern Spain.
B)Norse moving west from Iceland.
C)a Russian naval expedition.
D)American whalers.

Question 19

Before World War II, most anthropological interest in Arctic peoples focused on

A)interactions among groups from the polar regions.
B)the Inuit family structure.
C)the Eskimo linguistic branch.
D)their technological adaptations to the Arctic environment.

Question 20

The most prevalent land animal in the Arctic is the

A)gray fox.
B)caribou.
C)polar bear.
D)black bear.

Question 21

Dogs were used throughout the Arctic to perform all of the following tasks, EXCEPT to

A)guard camps from strangers and bears.
B)search shallow waters for sea life.
C)locate breathing holes for seals.
D)be eaten in times of famine.

Question 22

One characteristic of divorce among Arctic groups was that it

A)was rare after the birth of the first child.
B)was not permitted for arranged marriages.
C)could only be initiated by the husband.
D)was a complex matter that disrupted the labor unit.

Question 23

The major cause of the high infant mortality rate among Arctic peoples was

A)frostbite.
B)stillbirth.
C)infanticide of females.
D)pneumonia.

Question 24

Men in the Arctic often settled their disputes with song contests, and they mainly fought over

A)hunting partners.
B)territory.
C)women.
D)food.

Question 25

What are the problems of the Quebec Inuit today? How did the 1975 James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement with the Canadian government affect them?

Question 26

The Arctic is sometimes called a "desert" because __________.

A)it has dry sandy areas that resemble deserts under the snow
B)the area is very low in rainfall
C)nothing grows there
D)the subsoil never thaws

Question 27

The tundra or Low Arctic has __________.

A)permanently frozen topsoil
B)snow and ice cover year-round
C)relatively warm year-round temperatures averaging 70°F
D)vast wetlands and bogs in the summer

Question 28

The two major divisions of Arctic people and languages are __________.

A)Eskimo and Inuit
B)Aleut and Eskimo
C)Eskimo and Algonkian
D)Eskimo and Na-Dene

Question 29

European impact on Arctic people includes __________.

A)decreased violence as they converted to Christianity
B)depleted game and increased dependency on traders
C)better general health
D)all of the above

Question 30

The four basic cultural divisions of the Arctic include __________.

A)Northern and Western Eskimo
B)Icelandic Eskimo
C)only Alaskan natives
D)Algonkian Eskimo

Question 31

The most important domesticated animal for Arctic people was the __________.

A)polar bear
B)musk ox
C)dog
D)mallard duck

Question 32

Which of the following does NOT describe the typical Arctic family?

A)nuclear
B)children valued
C)arranged marriages
D)divorces difficult

Question 33

In the Arctic infanticide might be practiced if __________.

A)there was a famine
B)the mother decided she had too many children
C)the baby had the wrong name
D)the baby was a boy

Question 34

Men in the Arctic fought mainly over _________ and resolved disputes with ____________.

A)hunting partners, harpoon-throwing contests
B)territory, knives
C)women, song contests
D)food, their fists

Question 35

The average Arctic family ate __________.

A)Fish
B)caribou, if available
C)seal
D)all of the above

Question 36

The umiak was __________.

A)a small boat for a single hunter
B)a large boat for rich men rowed by women
C)pulled by a team of dogs
D)used to propel a harpoon

Question 37

What must an Arctic hunter be sure to do?

A)keep the best meat for himself
B)teach his wife how to cook the meat
C)show respect to the prey animal's soul
D)give the dogs only the polar bear's liver

Question 38

The typical Arctic house was __________.

A)made of snow
B)made of driftwood or whalebone and sod
C)made of rock and straw
D)always portable

Question 39

The three major items of Arctic clothing are __________.

A)snowshoes, mittens, and hooded parkas
B)hats, pants, and fur shirts
C)hats, mittens, and sealskin overalls
D)pants, mukluks, and hooded parkas

Question 40

Arctic religious beliefs __________.

A)were concerned only with people's relationships
B)were concerned with souls in all beings
C)were never concerned with war
D)used male shamans exclusively

Question 41

Problems the Arctic people have today include __________.

A)inability to speak English
B)few jobs and malnutrition
C)cancers caused by solar radiation
D)all of the above

Question 42

Aleuts differ from Eskimos in __________.

A)language and economy
B)their social divisions
C)the absence of dogs
D)all of the above

Question 43

The two most essential economic activities of an Aleut village were __________.

A)hunting caribou and polar bears
B)fishing and herding island sheep
C)fishing and sea mammal hunting
D)growing crops in the short summer and hunting seals

Question 44

The three primary social divisions of the Aleut are high status, ______, and slaves.

A)shamans
B)hunters
C)women
D)commoners

Question 45

The best marriage partners for Aleuts were __________.

A)cross-cousins
B)hunting partners' children
C)clan members
D)off-islanders

Question 46

The Inuit of Quebec believed __________.

A)the purpose of religion was to regulate behavior
B)time and space were circular
C)in transformation and reincarnation
D)all of the above

Question 47

The Inuit of Quebec owned __________.

A)land but not houses or boats
B)fish weirs and hunting territory
C)houses and boats but not land
D)nothing

Question 48

The most important aquatic animal and land animal to the Quebec Inuit were __________.

A)walrus and bears
B)seals and caribou
C)whales and foxes
D)seals and bears

Question 49

The Inuit entertained themselves with __________.

A)painting with dyes made from lichens and mosses on bark
B)gambling, archery contests, and blanket tosses
C)lacrosse games
D)b and c

Question 50

Today the Quebec Inuit __________.

A)have a high educational level
B)are an aging population with a low birth rate
C)hunt with snowmobiles and motorboats
D)have never been given any land for themselves

Question 51

The impact of Europeans on Arctic people resulted in a 90 percent or more population loss.

Question 52

The coniferous forest treeline is the boundary between the Arctic and Subarctic.

Question 53

The Arctic has been populated by humans since about 5,000 years ago.

Question 54

Prior to European contact, the Arctic people were peaceful and seldom waged war.

Question 55

The Arctic people had a high infant mortality rate.

Question 56

The Arctic people believed a child was not a real person until he or she was able to walk.

Question 57

Arctic men "wore" a kayak as if it were a living being.

Question 58

Most Arctic people lived in snow houses.

Question 59

The single most important animal for food in the Arctic was the whale.

Question 60

Arctic material culture and technology were dominated by the use of skins.

Question 61

The most important weapon in the Arctic was the harpoon.

Question 62

The Arctic people believed humans had three souls.

Question 63

Arctic shamans always counseled peace and would have nothing to do with warfare.

Question 64

The 1971 Alaska Native claims Settlement Act established 13 native corporations and helped improve housing and health care.

Question 65

The primary Arctic art form is sculpture.

Question 66

The Aleut live in a colder climate than the Eskimo.

Question 67

The Aleut helped the Russians in the fur trade and kept good relations with them.

Question 68

The Aleuts lived in villages of over 1,000 people and were governed by elected chiefs.

Question 69

The Aleuts believed the universe consisted of three levels.

Question 70

An Aleut shaman had a knowledge of anatomy from mummies and also knew pharmacology.

Question 71

The French Ungava Bay Company was the first European company to trade with the Quebec Inuit.

Question 72

Most of the Quebec Inuit population lived on the coasts.

Question 73

Some of the Quebec Inuit trained their children in both male and female roles.

Question 74

The Quebec Inuit believed in Sedna, the seal mother, who helped them catch sea animals if they maintained a good relationship with her.

Question 75

"Drum dancing" was an elaborate dance ritual for world renewal for the Quebec Inuit.(

Question 76

What did the average Arctic family eat? How did men and women divide the work? Why was it important to show respect for the animals they hunted?

Question 77

Describe the Arctic environment-geography, animals, plants, climate.Why is the Arctic sometimes called a "desert"?

Question 78

Describe the houses and clothing in the Arctic.How did the people keep warm?

Question 79

What was the main concern of Arctic religion? Did they believe in the existence of souls? Explain.What was the role of the shaman?

Question 80

How big were Aleut villages? Describe their houses.Discuss their social divisions and the role of the headman.How did a man show his rank?