Deck 9: Behavior Therapy II: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Question 1

How is cognitive-behaviorism different from strict behaviorism?

A) Cognitive-behaviorists focus only on thoughts, ignoring stimuli and responses.
B) Cognitive-behaviorists endeavor to help their clients understand broader aspects of their problems than just behavior. Cognitive-behaviorists focus on meanings behind stimuli and responses.
C) Strict behaviorists endeavor to help their clients understand broader aspects of their problems than just measurable outcomes such as behavior.
D) Empathy and understanding are more important to cognitive-behaviorists.
E) Strict behaviorists study how people choose, remember, and assess principles behind incoming information.

Answer 1

Cognitive-behaviorists endeavor to help their clients understand broader aspects of their problems than just behavior. Cognitive-behaviorists focus on meanings behind stimuli and responses.

Question 2

___________________ involves replacing maladaptive cognitions with adaptive cognitions.

A) Reframing
B) Displacement
C) Joining
D) Cognitive restructuring
E) Thought warp

Answer 2

Cognitive restructuring

Question 3

What is the major focus in cognitive restructuring therapies?

A) overt behaviors
B) operant conditioning
C) disputing
D) unhealthy relationships
E) self-talk

Answer 3

self-talk

Question 4

In __________________ therapies, clients learn to monitor their self-talk, identify maladaptive self-talk, and substitute adaptive self-talk for maladaptive self-talk.

A) cognitive restructuring
B) traditional behaviorism
C) existential
D) coping skills
E) psychoanalytic

Question 5

When a therapist first helps the client to interrupt disturbing thoughts and then helps the client replace them with non-disturbing, competing thoughts, he or she is using the

A) rational emotive behavioral
B) cognitive
C) thought stopping
D) problem solving
E) stress inoculation

Question 6

_____________________ is probably the quickest behavior therapy for clients to learn and implement.

A) Thought stopping
B) Problem solving
C) Stress inoculation
D) Cognitive
E) Rational emotive behavioral therapy

Question 7

Which theorist developed rational emotive behavior therapy?

A) Irv Yalom
B) Albert Bandura
C) Albert Ellis
D) B. F. Skinner
E) Aaron Beck

Question 8

What is the basis of Albert Ellis's theory of cognitive-behavioral psychology?

A) Human beings are inherently irrational and need help understanding their irrational beliefs.
B) Because of his psychoanalytic background, Ellis believed that human beings were caught in the classic struggle between base impulses (id) and the need to control them (ego) in order to function in society (super ego).
C) Maladapted human beings need nurturance and understanding in order to heal.
D) Human beings are inherently rational, but are also burdened with strong inborn tendencies to think irrationally and create their own poor mental health.
E) Thought and emotion are separate and unrelated processes in human beings.

Question 9

According to Ellis, the two major themes in clients' irrational thoughts are ___________________ and ___________________________.

A) spiritualisms; generalizations
B) a sense of personal worthlessness; musterbation
C) obfuscations; anger at injustice
D) the search for rewards; self-justification
E) fear; helplessness

Question 10

____________________________ is a key element that distinguishes REBT from similar cognitive restructuring.

A) Counselor aloofness
B) Client self-talk
C) Thought stopping
D) Interpretation
E) Active disputing

Question 11

Once the REBT therapist has an understanding of the client's core irrational beliefs, as much as ___________ of the session may involve the therapist's challenging the rationality of the client's thoughts and debunking the client's myths about how the world "should be."

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 70%
E) 90%

Question 12

Which theorist is credited with the development of cognitive therapy?

A) Donald Meichenbaum
B) Albert Bandura
C) Albert Ellis
D) B. F. Skinner
E) Aaron Beck

Question 13

Beck refers to irrational, maladaptive cognitions as

A) missteps.
B) automatic thoughts.
C) core issues.
D) misalignments.
E) cognitive mis-fires.

Question 14

According to Beck's theory, when do psychological disorders appear?

A) when a client's self-talk takes over
B) Disorders are a function of repressed sexual impulses.
C) In his theory there is no recognition of diagnoses and disorders.
D) when an adult is pushed through active disputing
E) when people perceive the world as threatening

Question 15

What is the basic therapeutic technique in Beck's cognitive therapy?

A) filling out ABC worksheets
B) introducing the client to the DSM-IV
C) indoctrinating the client into the philosophical system of cognitive therapy
D) conducting a Socratic dialog with the client
E) making humorous overstatements of the client's situation

Question 16

Working together, the therapist and client develop "experiments" that the client can implement to test cognitive hypotheses, a process Beck calls

A) cognitive restructuring.
B) collaborative empiricism.
C) social contracting.
D) experimental restructuring.
E) testing the waters.

Question 17

If in testing the validity of a seemingly irrational belief, it is discovered that the belief is actually valid, a cognitive therapist would

A) refer the client to another therapist.
B) have the client continue to test the validity of the belief until it is certain that the belief is valid.
C) explain to the client that all beliefs are irrational in several ways and it is important to address even the minutest detail.
D) help the client to construe the situation in a way that fits the data but does not result in maladaptive reactions.
E) move on to using traditional behavior therapies so that the cognitive grief is not overwhelming for the client.

Question 18

___________________________ is used when clients believe that they have more control over potentially negative outcomes than they actually do.

A) Reattribution of responsibility
B) Overgeneralization
C) Decatastrophizing
D) Thought stopping
E) Generating alternative interpretations

Question 19

____________________ is employed when clients anticipate worst-case scenarios.

A) Reattribution of responsibility
B) Overgeneralization
C) Decatastrophizing
D) Thought stopping
E) Generating alternative interpretations

Question 20

Overt behavioral interventions are especially helpful with clients who are ___________________ and have difficulty thinking clearly.

A) sensitive
B) anxious
C) nonverbal
D) apathetic
E) recovering addicts

Question 21

___________________ are a shaping technique in which clients are encouraged to engage in small, sequential steps that lead to a therapeutic goal.

A) Mastery and pleasure ratings
B) Automatic thoughts
C) Graded task assignments
D) Cognitive reframes
E) Activity schedules

Question 22

Why are overt behavioral interventions particularly appropriate for Japanese clients?

A) Nonverbal communication is valued in Japanese culture.
B) Overt interventions were developed by a Japanese theorist.
C) Overt interventions do not impede interactions with the larger social group.
D) Collectivism is valued in Japanese culture.
E) Overt interventions tend to be less time-intensive, fitting with Japanese culture.

Question 23

Beck originally developed cognitive therapy to treat

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) borderline personality disorder.
C) addictions.
D) depression.
E) sociopathic disorder.

Question 24

____________-based cognitive therapy identifies and modifies clients' pervasive thoughts that are maintaining their problem behaviors.

A) Activities
B) Schema
C) Pleasure
D) Token
E) Problem

Question 25

Which of the following best defines the term schema?

A) Schema is the values and traditions that an individual learns from his or her family.
B) An individual's schema is a flexible and flowing interpretation of the world around them.
C) Schema is the beliefs that one holds about himself and changes as life experience progresses.
D) A schema is a shared set of beliefs indicative of common culture.
E) A schema is a broad, pervasive, and rigid cognitive theme about oneself, others, or the world that a person uses to interpret particular events.

Question 26

Generally, schemas begin in ____________ and continue to be held without the person's ever questioning the validity or usefulness of the perspective the schemas provide.

A) infancy
B) childhood
C) adolescence
D) young adulthood
E) adulthood

Question 27

Through _________________________, gay clients can learn about the lives and habits of other gay men and collect data that refute their false perceptions.

A) cognitive restructuring
B) collaborative empiricism
C) social contracting
D) experimental restructuring
E) testing the waters

Question 28

Cognitive therapy has been found to be especially effective for elderly clients suffering from

A) loneliness
B) anxiety
C) depression
D) dementia
E) schizophrenia

Question 29

Cognitive restructuring therapies deal with clients'

A) excess of maladaptive thoughts.
B) inappropriate behaviors.
C) cultural construction to the degree that it impedes individual functioning.
D) deficit of adaptive cognitions.
E) inability to formulate cohesive thought.

Question 30

Cognitive-behavioral coping skills therapies are used to treat clients' problems that are maintained by

A) an excess of maladaptive thoughts.
B) inappropriate behaviors.
C) cultural construction to the degree that it impedes individual functioning.
D) a deficit of adaptive cognitions.
E) an inability to formulate cohesive thought.

Question 31

Coping skills therapies change both ________________ and _______________.

A) individual; society
B) internal constructs; external environment
C) covert behaviors; cognition
D) internal constructs; overt behavior
E) overt behavior; cognition

Question 32

Three cognitive behavioral coping skills therapies introduced in the book are ____________________, ____________________, and __________________.

A) schema-based; overt behavioral; self instruction
B) stress inoculation; rational emotive behavioral therapy; cognitive
C) self-instruction; problem-solving; stress inoculation
D) rational emotive behavioral therapy; thought stopping; problem-solving
E) thought stopping; self-talk; cognitive

Question 33

Why is problem-solving therapy useful in so many contexts?

A) It is not a formal therapy and can follow a number of different approaches.
B) Problems are an inevitable part of life.
C) Most clients perceive their needs as "problems."
D) It is a therapy that truly resonates with diverse populations.
E) Since the therapy was just developed within the last 15 years, it is reflective of contemporary needs.

Question 34

Who is credited with applying problem-solving strategies to treat and prevent psychological problems?

A) D'Zurilla
B) Beck
C) Ellis
D) Glasser
E) Meichenbaum

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT identified as a strategy for teaching a client problem solving?

A) reinforcement
B) self-instructions
C) cognitive modeling
D) prompting
E) in vivo experience

Question 36

The text points out that problem-solving therapy can not only help clients solve immediate problems, but can also

A) prevent future problems from ever occurring.
B) help them uncover problems that they are unaware of.
C) help clients solve past problems.
D) provide clients with the coping skills needed to solve and prevent future problems.
E) create problems for clients as they try to change.

Question 37

What is SIT (stress inoculation training)?

A) a flexible, individually tailored therapy that helps clients learn coping skills and then practice using them while being exposed to stress-evoking events
B) an acute, time-limited process used to prepare people for surgery or major evaluations such as licensure exams
C) a sequential process that starts after a stressful event such as the death of a loved one
D) a structured, time-limited process tailored to adaptation to repeated, intermittent exposures to stressors such as student examinations or physical disorders like headaches
E) a continual form of therapy used to address chronic stressors such as ongoing medical or psychiatric illness or prolonged family discord

Question 38

Who is credited with conceptualizing SIT (stress inoculation training)?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Donald Meichenbaum
C) Albert Ellis
D) B. F. Skinner
E) Aaron Beck

Question 39

How many phases are there in stress inoculation training?

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 40

What occurs during Meichenbaum's first stage of therapy?

A) The counselor and client form a collaborative relationship through use of verbal interactions, including Socratic dialog. Structured exercises are not used.
B) The counselor gathers information so that he or she can better understand the client and construct a treatment plan.
C) The counselor and client form a collaborative relationship. The client is encouraged to conceptualize threats and frustrations as problems to be solved or to be faced with adaptive strategies.
D) The counselor and client define the problem and set an achievable goal of therapy.
E) The counselor and client form a collaborative relationship through use of Socratic dialog. The counselor instills hope in the client that the counselor will be able to solve the client's problems.

Question 41

What occurs during Meichenbaum's second stage of therapy?

A) Structured, standardized coping skills training is used to address the client's problem and train the client in ways to handle future problems. The skills are practiced in the counselor's office.
B) Coping skills training is tailored to the client's problem. By means of a graded hierarchy of stressful situations, skills are practiced in the clinical settings and then rehearsed in vivo.
C) In this working stage, the client explores thinking errors that contribute to the client's problems. The client also discusses with the counselor alternative ways of dealing with difficult situations.
D) Clients are educated about what stress is, the role of their self-talk dealing with stress, and how they may accidentally add to stress levels themselves.
E) Clients use their coping skills in increasingly difficult situations. High-risk situations and warning signs are identified in a relapse prevention component.

Question 42

What occurs during Meichenbaum's final stage of therapy?

A) Structured, standardized coping skills training is used to address the client's problem and train the client in ways to handle future problems. The skills are practiced in the counselor's office.
B) Coping skills training is tailored to the client's problem. By means of a graded hierarchy of stressful situations, skills are practiced in the clinical settings and then rehearsed in vivo.
C) In this working stage, the client explores thinking errors that contribute to the client's problems. The client also discusses with the counselor alternative ways of dealing with difficult situations.
D) Clients are educated about what stress is, the role of their self-talk dealing with stress, and how they may accidentally add to stress levels themselves.
E) Clients use their coping skills in increasingly difficult situations. High-risk situations and warning signs are identified in a relapse prevention component.

Question 43

____________________ provides a strategy for dealing with the inevitable setbacks that occur in coping with real-life events.

A) Carryover
B) Relapse prevention
C) Maintenance
D) Follow-up
E) Continuance

Question 44

Stress inoculation therapy has been used most commonly to treat which three problems?

A) abuse, anger, addiction
B) depression, anger, pain
C) addiction, anxiety, depression
D) anger, pain, anxiety
E) pain, abuse, addiction

Question 45

What characteristic of stress inoculation training makes it especially appropriate for the elderly and other diverse clients?

A) It is long-term.
B) It is good for current problems, but doesn't have a future focus so elderly clients aren't offended.
C) It doesn't take a specially trained therapist, so cost of therapy is less.
D) It can be individualized for clients.
E) It doesn't require strong cognitive function.

Question 46

What would a behavioral therapist say about the client-counselor relationship?

A) that it is necessary, but not sufficient
B) that it is neither necessary nor sufficient
C) that it is sufficient, but not necessary
D) that it is both necessary and sufficient
E) that its necessity and sufficiency depends upon the counselor

Question 47

What is meant by "accepting the client's presentation?"

A) noting the physical characteristics of the client
B) embracing how a client sees his or her problem rather than how the therapist might see it
C) being aware of how engaged the client is in session
D) noting what the client shares during a session
E) being tolerant of the client's dress and hygiene

Question 48

______________________ is defined as how well a method of psychotherapy works in alleviating client problems.

A) Sufficiency
B) Outcome
C) Effectiveness
D) Usefulness
E) Value

Question 49

As a group of therapy procedures, behavior therapy has a strong and broad __________________ base.

A) theoretical
B) power
C) nomothetical
D) educational
E) empirical

Question 50

____________________ evidence supporting the effectiveness of therapy comes from controlled experiments, which are the most valid form of evidence.

A) Comprehensive
B) Nomothetic
C) Inclusive
D) Ideographic
E) Primary

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT identified in the text as an outcome measure in controlled investigations?

A) transfer and generalization
B) acceptability of the treatment
C) meaningfulness of change
D) retention of the client
E) long-term maintenance

Question 52

Therapists must evaluate the effectiveness for individual clients of generally effective behavior therapies and this involves _________________ evaluation.

A) comprehensive
B) nomothetic
C) inclusive
D) ideographic
E) primary

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT identified in the textbook as a characteristic of behavioral therapy that makes it appropriate for use with diverse clients?

A) Behavior therapists do not conform to the uniformity myth.
B) Behavior therapy emphasizes the external environment including factors such as cultural and ethnic identification.
C) Behavior therapy is brief.
D) The emphasis on learning makes it more acceptable to cultures that disdain psychotherapy.
E) More culturally diverse therapists practice behavioral therapy than any other therapy.

Question 54

Why has behavior therapy had only limited success in treating such disorders as substance-related disorders and personality disorders?

A) These problems are highly resistant to change because of the habit-forming nature of drugs and the pervasiveness of personality disorders.
B) Behavioral therapists recognize the limitations of behavioral therapy with these problems and have not historically treated such clients.
C) Most third party payers providing services to substance addicted clients do not support behavioral therapy as a valid intervention.
D) Other therapies, such as psychoanalysis, have been treating these problems so much longer than behavioral therapists and therefore have the client base for the research needed.
E) Many of these disorders require medication and behavioral therapists do not support psychotropic drugs.

Question 55

The basic theoretical assumptions of behavioral therapy might need to be modified to facilitate working with diverse clients because

A) modern research has shown that some of these assumptions are false.
B) many prospective clients do not adhere to the assumptions and the client base for behavioral therapy is shrinking.
C) the restricted cultural context in which behavior therapy was developed influenced some of its underlying theoretical assumptions.
D) Many modern training programs are unable to find effective ways to teach the historical assumptions of behavioral therapy.
E) Most of the theoretical assumptions of the theory were originally conceived ad hoc.

Question 56

Please identify the two broad categories of cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 57

List three cognitive restructuring therapies

Question 58

Name at least three common irrational beliefs as identified by Albert Ellis.

Question 59

Identify four of the five common cognitive distortions as proffered by Beck.

Question 60

List the three goals of cognitive therapy.

Question 61

List and briefly describe the three overt behavioral interventions that are introduced in the text.

Question 62

What are the two basic steps in schema-based cognitive therapy?

Question 63

List the five functions served by self-instruction.

Question 64

List and briefly describe the five steps of self-instruction training.

Question 65

Identify the seven steps in problem-solving therapy.

Question 66

List the five steps of the application phase of stress inoculation training.

Question 67

List the four outcome measures when examining the effectiveness of therapy in controlled investigations.

Question 68

What are the three major blind spots in behavior therapy?

Question 69

What are three challenges that behavior therapy faces?