Deck 8: Behavior Therapy I: Traditional Behavioral Therapy

Question 1

What is the relationship between the terms behavior therapies and behavior therapy techniques?

A) Behavior therapy refers to the general field of behaviorism and behavior therapy techniques refer to specific therapy interventions.
B) They are essentially synonymous.
C) Behavior therapy techniques were developed first and the field of behavior therapy emerged from their use.
D) Behavior therapy is an informal term used in conversation with clients and behavior therapy techniques is a formal term used in research studies.
E) Behavior therapy emerged first and the behavior therapy techniques stemmed from the therapy.

Answer 1

They are essentially synonymous.

Question 2

Who among the following was the earliest investigator of classical conditioning?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) B.F. Skinner
C) John B. Watson
D) Edward Thorndike
E) Joseph Wolpe

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

What process links stimuli with learned responses?

A) learning theory
B) modeling
C) classical conditioning
D) maladaptive behavior
E) extinction

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

Who is considered the father of behaviorism?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) B.F. Skinner
C) John B. Watson
D) Edward Thorndike
E) Joseph Wolpe

Question 5

Who conceptualized the process called operant conditioning?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Mary Cover Jones
C) John B. Watson
D) Edward Thorndike
E) Joseph Wolpe

Question 6

Operant conditioning is a process in which behavior is changed by

A) what comes after it.
B) a stimulus.
C) extinction.
D) the sound of a bell.
E) modeling.

Question 7

Behavior therapy had its formal beginnings in the

A) 1920s.
B) 1930s.
C) 1940s.
D) 1950s.
E) 1960s.

Question 8

Who developed the concept of systematic desensitization?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) B.F. Skinner
C) John B. Watson
D) Edward Thorndike
E) Joseph Wolpe

Question 9

What therapy was developed by Arnold Lazarus as an adaptation of systematic desensitization?

A) social cognitive theory
B) multimodal therapy
C) social learning theory
D) cognitive therapy
E) rational emotive behavioral therapy

Question 10

Who conceptualized social learning theory based on behavioral concepts?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Mary Cover Jones
C) John B. Watson
D) Edward Thorndike
E) Joseph Wolpe

Question 11

Cognitive-behavioral therapy was created simultaneously but independently by which two therapists?

A) Pavlov and Skinner
B) Wolpe and Lazarus
C) Beck and Ellis
D) Bandura and Watson
E) Thorndike and Jones

Question 12

The theoretical and methodological contributions of early behaviorists such as Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, and Skinner are thought of in the field as behavior therapy's ______________________ stage.

A) neophyte
B) complexity
C) application
D) conceptual
E) prenatal

Question 13

What was the primary impetus for the development of behavior therapy?

A) the refusal of clients to pursue psychoanalysis
B) the pressing need to treat many World War II veterans
C) the death of the great existentialist Rollo May
D) a failing of cognitive theory to address the needs of the academic world
E) There was no real impetus, it just naturally occurred as a result of changes in prior theories.

Question 14

________________________ are prerequisites and environmental cues that "set the stage" for and initiate a behavior.

A) Triggers
B) Conditions
C) Antecedents
D) Penalties
E) Consequences

Question 15

_____________________________ are events that determine whether the person will engage in the specific behavior or similar behaviors again.

A) Triggers
B) Conditions
C) Antecedents
D) Penalties
E) Consequences

Question 16

Behavior therapists must distinguish between present maintaining conditions and past _________________ conditions.

A) originating
B) antecedent
C) maintaining
D) forming
E) target

Question 17

To ___________________ means to increase adaptive behaviors that clients are not performing sufficiently.

A) promote
B) enhance
C) encourage
D) accelerate
E) drive

Question 18

To ________________________ means to decrease maladaptive behaviors that clients are performing in excess.

A) extinguish
B) decelerate
C) squash
D) demote
E) discourage

Question 19

When behavioral therapists utilize techniques designed to modify antecedents, they are said to be engaging in

A) stimulus control.
B) unethical practice.
C) efficacious therapy.
D) empirical interventions.
E) insufficient response.

Question 20

_______________ are cues that remind or instruct us to perform a behavior.

A) Antecedents
B) Setting events
C) Modifications
D) Prompts
E) Ruminations

Question 21

___________________ are broad conditions in the immediate environment that influence the likelihood that a client will engage in particular behaviors.

A) Antecedents
B) Setting events
C) Modifications
D) Prompts
E) Ruminations

Question 22

The purpose of stimulus control procedures is to

A) get a client to perform a target behavior.
B) understand motivation behind a particular behavior.
C) identify triggers for emotional release.
D) provide information specifically for intervention planning.
E) conduct empirical evaluation of a specific behavioral technique.

Question 23

_________________ occurs whenever the consequences of a behavior increase the likelihood that a person will engage in the behavior again.

A) Stimulus control
B) Shaping
C) Punishment
D) Reinforcement
E) Extinction

Question 24

Money used to increase the likelihood that someone will perform a behavior again would be called a(n) ______________ reinforcer.

A) active
B) punishing
C) social
D) token
E) intangible

Question 25

In behavioral therapy, shaping is when

A) the counselor and client analyze and manipulate preceding contingencies.
B) the desired behavior doesn't occur naturally, so behaviors that are close to the desired behavior are rewarded.
C) rewards are given when a client is not performing an undesirable behavior.
D) symbols are substituted for reinforcers. The symbols, such as poker chips, are eventually exchanged for positive reinforcers.
E) the client receives different types of reinforcements for each instance of desired behavior.

Question 26

In behavioral therapy, differential reinforcement is when

A) the counselor and client analyze and manipulate preceding contingencies.
B) the desired behavior doesn't occur naturally, so behaviors that are close to the desired behavior are rewarded.
C) rewards are given when a client is not performing an undesirable behavior.
D) symbols are substituted for reinforcers. The symbols, such as poker chips, are eventually exchanged for positive reinforcers.
E) the client receives different reinforcements for each instance of desired behavior.

Question 27

In differential reinforcement, the undesirable behavior is known at the ______________________ behavior.

A) problem
B) deceleration target
C) extinguishable
D) accelerating
E) token

Question 28

_____________________ is a process of either eliminating reinforcement or administering undesirable consequences so that the client is less likely to engage in the behavior again.

A) Targeting
B) Aversion therapy
C) Extinction
D) Refocusing
E) Punishment

Question 29

Ignoring a person is most often used to extinguish a deceleration target behavior when the behavior is being reinforced by

A) social attention.
B) physical gratification.
C) emotional release.
D) psychological well-being.
E) biological addiction.

Question 30

_______________________________ involves temporarily withdrawing a client's access to generalized reinforcers immediately after the client performs the deceleration target behavior.

A) Emotional withdrawal
B) Ghosting
C) Time out
D) Imprinting
E) Flagging

Question 31

_________________________ is a method of administering undesirable consequences that involves the removal of a valued item or privilege that the client possesses or is entitled to.

A) Blocking
B) Overcorrection
C) Administering physically aversive consequences
D) Time out
E) Response cost

Question 32

_________________________ is a method of administering undesirable consequences that involves restitution and positive practice.

A) Blocking
B) Overcorrection
C) Administering physically aversive consequences
D) Time out
E) Response cost

Question 33

Overcorrection is primarily used to treat behaviors

A) that hurt others.
B) that have no known motivators.
C) that have negative consequences primarily for the client.
D) for which response cost does not work.
E) that have been of concern to the client for at least two years.

Question 34

_________________________ is a method of administering undesirable consequences that involves unpleasant sensations, including pain.

A) Blocking
B) Overcorrection
C) Administering physically aversive consequences
D) Time out
E) Response cost

Question 35

A _____________________ is a system that involves having clients earn something of value to motivate them to perform desirable behaviors and to refrain from performing undesirable behaviors.

A) value-laden reinforcer
B) reinforcement model
C) free enterprise system
D) token economy
E) differential model

Question 36

In token economies, tokens are exchanged for

A) points.
B) rewards.
C) leads.
D) gifts.
E) backup reinforcers.

Question 37

The two types of exposure therapies are _____________________ and _______________________.

A) formative; summative
B) brief/graduated; prolonged/intense
C) affect-oriented; behavior-oriented
D) internal/affective; external/behavioral
E) verbally based; visually based

Question 38

Systematic desensitization is an example of _____________________ exposure therapy.

A) brief/graduated
B) affect oriented
C) visually based
D) internal/affective
E) formative

Question 39

Why is relaxation training especially suitable for elderly clients?

A) Elderly clients are often functioning with diminished mental capacity.
B) The elderly client can easily relate to relaxation techniques because they have likely been practicing them all their lives.
C) It does not introduce the elderly person to strenuous physical activity.
D) This population often responds well to treatments that are structured and time-limited.
E) Relaxation is appropriate because it is cost-effective and most elderly clients are on a fixed income.

Question 40

What is in vivo desensitization?

A) In vivo is in the client's imagination.
B) This is when the client takes imagined exposure to an anxiety-provoking situation and transfers it to another living person.
C) In vivo fears are fears where the stressor is real but the client is overreacting.
D) The intervention actually happens in the client's everyday environment.
E) In vivo desensitization is used to address imagined fears.

Question 41

Which of the following would be part of an in vivo desensitization intervention used to treat a client's fear of flying?

A) having the client read a book about how airplanes are built
B) showing the client a movie about the precautions taken by all airlines to ensure passenger safety
C) showing the client dozens of film clips of airplane crashes
D) having the client picture him or herself piloting a jet plane
E) having the client sit in an airplane that is parked inside a hanger for maintenance

Question 42

__________________ relaxation consists of relaxing all muscles not needed for the behaviors being performed.

A) Progressive
B) Differential
C) Systemic
D) Kinesthetic
E) In vivo

Question 43

In behavioral terms, what is flooding?

A) reduction of emotional reactions by reasoning with the client about the situation- that there is little to fear
B) teaching the client how to avoid situations that cause them emotional distress of any kind
C) reduction of emotional reactions by prolonged or repeated exposure to a fearful situation with no actual aversive consequences
D) teaching the client coping mechanisms like self affirmations to get through tough situations
E) reduction of emotional reactions to situations by showing the client another person successfully confronting similar situations

Question 44

In vivo flooding utilizes _________________ prevention, in which clients are specifically prevented from engaging in their typical anxiety-reducing behaviors.

A) behavior
B) engagement
C) avoidance
D) response
E) anxiety

Question 45

What type of flexibility is especially important when using a response prevention approach with the elderly?

A) procedural
B) evaluative
C) content
D) diagnostic
E) theoretical

Question 46

What is the behavioral therapy technique of modeling?

A) It is something that happens to clients who are overwhelmed by aversive therapy techniques.
B) It reduces emotional reactions to a situation by showing the client another person successfully confronting a similar situation.
C) It teaches the client coping mechanisms like self-affirmations to get through tough situations.
D) It is a type of flooding technique for relieving clients of intense, irrational fears.
E) It teaches parents how to use behavioral methods to change children's behavior.

Question 47

How does modeling therapy most differ from other behavioral approaches?

A) Because it often involves others, it is more long-term.
B) Modeling therapy is the only one of the behavioral approaches that requires specialized training.
C) It is more subtle than the other more directive approaches.
D) In modeling therapy the focus is on the therapist, who serves as the model.
E) Modeling therapy is more direct and short-term.

Question 48

_______________________ involves processes used to teach clients how to cope with skills deficits.

A) Systematic retraining
B) Skills training
C) Instruction
D) Social reconstruction
E) Deficiency modeling

Question 49

____________________ are the interpersonal competencies necessary to successfully interact with others.

A) Social skills
B) Interaction abilities
C) Communication skills
D) Self-expression competencies
E) Behavioral resources

Question 50

When a client experiences a conflict between expectations of their family or community and their sense of self, they are considered to be experiencing a

A) congruency milestone.
B) social block.
C) tradition incongruence.
D) boundary conflict.
E) cultural double bind.

Question 51

______________________ behaviors are actions that secure and maintain what you are entitled to in an interpersonal situation, without violating the rights of others.

A) Assertive
B) Selfish
C) Aggressive
D) Adaptive
E) Contextual

Question 52

__________________ is a major component of assertion training.

A) Self-sacrifice
B) Cognitive restructuring
C) Modeling
D) Flooding
E) Social desensitization

Question 53

__________________________ treats both anticipation of negative consequences and skills deficits at the same time.

A) Systematic desensitization
B) Vicarious extinction
C) Behavioral reframing
D) In vivo experimentation
E) Modeling

Question 54

When a therapist models the anxiety-evoking behavior for the client, then encourages and guides the client to practice the behavior, the therapist is using ________________________ modeling.

A) vicarious
B) in vivo
C) symbolic
D) participant
E) core

Question 55

Storytelling is a variation of __________________ modeling.

A) vicarious
B) in vivo
C) symbolic
D) participant
E) core

Question 56

Modeling is often a component of _________________ therapies as well as behavioral therapies.

A) psychoanalytic
B) existential
C) person-centered
D) humanistic
E) cognitive

Question 57

List the four therapy categories identified in this chapter as traditional behavior therapies.

Question 58

What two important developments during the 1980s spurred an increase in the acceptance and applicability of behavior therapy?

Question 59

What two themes in the 1990s characterized the evolution of behavior therapy?

Question 60

What is the fundamental theoretical assumption about behavior that is the basis for behavior therapy?

Question 61

What does the "A," "B," and "C" stand for in the ABC model?

Question 62

List the eight interrelated steps in the process of behavior therapy.

Question 63

The author of Chapter 8 of the textbook discusses four defining themes-scientific, active, present focus, and learning focus-that distinguish behavior therapy form other approaches to counseling. Explain one of them.

Question 64

The author of Chapter 8 of the textbook discusses four common characteristics of behavior therapy-individualized, stepwise progression, treatment packages, and brevity. Explain one of them.

Question 65

List and briefly define three of the four types of prompts used by behavioral therapists.

Question 66

Identify, in order, the eight steps within the Cycle of Awareness and Contact.

Question 67

What are the three methods of delivering undesirable consequences?

Question 68

List and briefly describe the three steps of systematic desensitization.

Question 69

List the four basic functions served by modeling therapy.

Question 70

List at least five of the eight techniques commonly used in skills training interventions.

Question 71

Please list the three steps involved in the participant modeling treatment package.

Question 72

Identify four therapeutic outcomes of effective modeling.