Deck 13: Community and Problem-Oriented Policing

Question 1

From 1960 to 1970, the violent crime rate in the United States ______.

A) decreased by 50%
B) decreased slightly
C) increased slightly
D) more than doubled

Answer 1

more than doubled

Question 2

Which of the following did not have a significant impact on law enforcement in the 1960s?

A) the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
B) Vietnam war protests
C) the civil rights movement
D) all of these

Answer 2

the civil rights movement

Question 3

During the 1960s, police departments created ______ to engage in "public relations" efforts designed to improve the "race-relations" problem.

A) police relations firms
B) community relations bureaus
C) neighborhood watch
D) community outreach unit

Answer 3

community relations bureaus

Question 4

In the 1970s, police departments created small units consisting of patrol officers, investigators, and supervisors, assigning them to neighborhoods on a long-term basis to increase the exchange of information and improve cooperation, in an effort called ______.

A) community outreach units
B) concentrated policing
C) team policing
D) information exchange bureaus

Question 5

______ is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime.

A) Community-oriented policing
B) Neighborhood watch
C) Community outreach
D) Problem-oriented policing

Question 6

With community policing, ______.

A) officers have flexibility, but all actions must be cleared by the community liaison officer
B) programs are highly centralized
C) officers rotate neighborhoods for maximum interaction with the community
D) officers have the authority to act on residents' concerns and priorities

Question 7

Which of the following is a key benefit of police departments' use of social media sites?

A) allows police departments to communicate with each other more easily
B) police control the content on their sites
C) allows the police to utilize discretionary budget money
D) comments may help identify potential enemies or threats to the police

Question 8

The concept that police and citizens work together and share the responsibility for crime prevention is called ______.

A) community crime dynamics
B) coproduction of crime prevention
C) unified enforcement
D) cooperative policing

Question 9

Community policing originated in the 1980s at ______.

A) the National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center at Michigan State University
B) the Tri-State Patrol Initiative at the University of Missouri
C) the Community Involvement Center at the Pennsylvania State University
D) the Federal Bureau of Investigation

Question 10

In 1994, the ______ was created to distribute more than US$9 billion to police departments to fund the hiring of new officers "to foster problem solving and interaction with communities."

A) Michigan State University Center for Community Policing
B) Department of Homeland Security
C) United States Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)
D) Federal Bureau of Investigation Office of Community Outreach

Question 11

This theory believed that criminal behavior is the result of 1) disorder, 2) anonymity among residents, and 3) anonymity between the police and residents.

A) Routine activities theory
B) Broken windows theory
C) Social learning theory
D) Self-control theory

Question 12

Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of "Broken Windows Theory"?

A) It may increase citizens' fear of crime.
B) It may lead to over-policing.
C) It asks too much of the police.
D) It actually leads to more crime.

Question 13

Research suggests that crime and disorder are the result of ______.

A) concentrated economic disadvantage
B) ineffective police patrol
C) too few law enforcement officers
D) opportunity

Question 14

Citizens' perception of police fairness in contacts with the police is called ______.

A) objective fairness
B) substantive justice
C) procedural justice
D) administrative equity

Question 15

The belief that the police ought to be allowed to exercise their authority to maintain social order, manage conflicts, and solve problems in the community is called ______.

A) police legitimacy
B) authoritarianism
C) police integrity
D) police authority

Question 16

Research suggests which group of citizens has the most favorable attitudes toward the police?

A) Asians
B) African Americans
C) Hispanics
D) Whites

Question 17

Improving the quality of contacts with citizens ______.

A) will lead to more positive attitudes toward the police
B) will not necessarily lead to more positive attitudes toward the police
C) will lead to increased criticism of police for over-policing
D) is a basic tenant of broken windows theory

Question 18

Which of the following is not a "universal truth" identified by George Thompson and Jerry Jenkins in the book Verbal Judo: The Gentle Art of Persuasion?

A) All people are ignorant as to their fate.
B) All people want to be given options rather than threats.
C) All people want to be asked rather than told to do something.
D) All people want to be treated with dignity and respect.

Question 19

When police become preoccupied with the activities of policing and lose sight of the ends or goals that police activities are supposed to achieve, it is called ______.

A) inverted policing
B) ends over means syndrome
C) means over ends syndrome
D) investigative inefficiency

Question 20

Research shows that community policing programs ______.

A) have had a tremendous impact on crime reduction
B) have no impact on citizen's perceptions of the police
C) are ineffective and should be discontinued
D) have minimal effects on crime

Question 21

Community policing programs ______.

A) were largely phased out by most police departments in the 1970s
B) remain popular in many police departments today
C) were rules unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States
D) have damaged the relationship between the police and minority communities

Question 22

Problem-oriented policing was first introduced in ______.

A) 1750 by Cesare Beccaria
B) 1840 by Sir Robert Peel
C) 1950 by James Q. Wilson
D) 1979 by Herman Goldstein

Question 23

Which step of the SARA model of problem-solving is designed to identify a basic problem, determine the nature of that problem, determine the scope of seriousness of the problem, and establish baseline measures?

A) scanning
B) analysis
C) response
D) assessment

Question 24

Which step of the SARA model of problem-solving involves researching what is known about the problem?

A) scanning
B) analysis
C) response
D) assessment

Question 25

Both community policing and problem-oriented policing ______.

A) evaluate success on the ability to solve an identified problem
B) are based on the premise that citizens are important in the police role
C) are effective in reducing crime
D) were created in the 1950s

Question 26

Which step of the SARA model of problem-solving requires developing solutions to bring about lasting reductions in the number and extent of problems?

A) scanning
B) analysis
C) response
D) assessment

Question 27

Overall, problem-oriented policing ______.

A) is impractical and too costly to succeed
B) is a policing strategy that works
C) caused more of a division between police and citizens
D) is too narrowly focused to succeed

Question 28

In most forms, problem-oriented policing is ______.

A) less successful than community-oriented policing
B) more costly than community-oriented policing
C) more focused than community-oriented policing
D) less focused than community-oriented policing

Question 29

From 1960 to 1970, the violent crime rate in the United States decreased by more than 50%.

Question 30

One of the underlying reasons for the poor relationship between the police and racial minorities in the 1960s was the lack of diversity in policing.

Question 31

Team policing involved allowing citizens from minority communities to participate in ride along with police officers in an effort to improve race relations.

Question 32

Community-oriented policing peaked in popularity in the 1970s and was designed to combat potential issues relating to procedural justice.

Question 33

Community policing originally took the form of foot patrol, but over time evolved to include programs like neighborhood watch, citizen police academies, and crime prevention education seminars.

Question 34

A key component of community policing programs is that they are highly centralized.

Question 35

The origins of community policing can be traced to the Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center at Michigan State University.

Question 36

The 1960s was known as the era of community policing.

Question 37

Broken windows theory believes that serious street crime flourishes in areas where disorderly behavior goes unpunished.

Question 38

There is little research that substantiates a direct link between disorder and actual crime, especially serious crime.

Question 39

The only serious crime that seems to occur in neighborhoods with high collective efficacy is murder.

Question 40

Unjustifiably lowering citizens' fear of crime could lead to an increase in actual crime.

Question 41

Research indicates that White citizens generally have more favorable attitudes toward the police than African American citizens.

Question 42

Research supports the notion that improving the quality of police contacts with citizens will lead to more positive overall attitudes toward the police.

Question 43

There is strong evidence that citizens with positive attitudes toward the police are more likely to cooperate with the police.

Question 44

There is strong evidence that attitudes toward the police affect law-abiding behaviors.

Question 45

When people who hold generally unfavorable views of the police have contact with the police, they will tend to evaluate the police unfavorably in that contact.

Question 46

The President's Task Force on 21st Century policing stated that offensive or harsh language can escalate a minor situation, and as such, police should adopt policies directing police to speak to individuals with respect.

Question 47

Research suggests that community policing programs have a significant impact on the extent of crime.

Question 48

Research suggests that the greatest impact of community policing programs is that it may improve citizen's perceptions of the police.

Question 49

Problem-oriented policing was created by Samuel P. Huntington in 1992.

Question 50

The objective of scanning in the SARA model of problem-solving is to find evidence of criminal activity for use in a criminal trial.

Question 51

The "response" stage of the SARA model of problem-solving is when research is done to determine what is known about the problem.

Question 52

The "scanning" stage of the SARA model of problem solving is where problems are identified and prioritized.

Question 53

Generally speaking, the problem-oriented policing strategy works.

Question 54

Assess the role of "community relations bureaus" and "team policing" in improving the relationship between citizens and the police.

Question 55

List and describe the three key features of community policing.

Question 56

Identify at least two social media sites used by police departments and discuss their potential benefits.

Question 57

Discuss the origin and significance of the United States Department of Justice Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services (COPS).

Question 58

Explain broken windows theory and its relevance to community policing.

Question 59

The belief that favorable attitudes toward the police will lead to other desirable outcomes is based on three assumptions, identify and discuss the research support for each of them.

Question 60

Explain why it is difficult for the police to change citizens' attitudes toward the police.

Question 61

Explain the concept of "verbal judo" and identify the five universal truths of human interaction.

Question 62

List the three steps of the problem-solving process as identified by Herman Goldstein.

Question 63

Identify the four tenets of the SARA model of problem solving.

Question 64

Discuss the two major criticisms of the problem-oriented policing approach.

Question 65

Explain the underlying reasons for the poor relationship between the police and racial minorities up until, and through the 1960s.

Question 66

What steps were taken in the 1970s to help change the composition of the police force, in terms of race and gender?

Question 67

Assess the importance of collective efficacy in reducing crime.