Deck 2: Ideological and Theoretical Underpinnings to Corrections

Question 1

An individual is released from prison and struggles to find legitimate work and is excluded from public housing due to her prior drug conviction. Which correctional theory would argue why she is struggling to reintegrate back into society?

A) Behavioral psychology
B) Classical criminology
C) Social learning theory
D) Labeling theory

Answer 1

D

Question 2

An individual indicates that he has been unemployed for months and has been unable to obtain legitimate work. Due to this frustration he began committing burglaries and selling the stolen items for money. Which correctional theory would explain this individual's behavior?

A) Behavioral psychology
B) Strain theory
C) Social learning theory
D) Labeling theory

Answer 2

B

Question 3

This process identifies those inmates who are of particular concern to public safety and provides them with much longer sentences than would be given to other inmates.

A) General incapacitation
B) General deterrence
C) Selective deterrence
D) Selective incapacitation

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is the judge's most important factor in deciding upon a sanction for a convicted offender?

A) Injury to the victim
B) Fulfill the demand of retribution
C) Seriousness of the crime
D) The need to protect society

Question 5

Which correctional theory contends that offenders learn to engage in crime through exposure to and the adoption of definitions that are favorable to the commission of crime?

A) Behavioral psychology
B) Strain theory
C) Social learning theory
D) Conflict theory

Question 6

Most offenders convicted of a criminal offense are assed _____ as a punishment for committing the offense.

A) a fine
B) probation
C) an intermediate sanction
D) incarceration

Question 7

A __________ is one where a stimulus is applied to the offender when the offender commits an undesired behavior.

A) negative reinforcer
B) positive reinforcer
C) negative punishment
D) positive punishment

Question 8

According to Neubauer (2002), the most commonly cited forms of disparity in sentencing involve __________ and __________.

A) Geography; Judicial attitudes
B) Defendants' race; Victims' race
C) Defendants' race; Judicial attitudes
D) Victims' race; Geography

Question 9

The primary purpose of this philosophical underpinning in corrections focuses on providing offenders with worthwhile stakes in legitimate society.

A) Incarceration
B) Rehabilitation
C) Reintegration
D) Deterrence

Question 10

There are many reasons for a variety of sanctions. Which is not a chief reason?

A) The desire to have punishments as proportionate to the crime as can be arranged.
B) The desire to save beds in prisons.
C) The desire to ensure that offenders not find their punishment beneficial.
D) The desire for incentives to exist so that offenders will change their behavior.

Question 11

Incapacitation argues that offenders should be given the punishment that they justly deserve; those who commit minor crimes deserve minor sentences, and those who commit serious crimes deserve more severe punishments.

Question 12

These factors make one's commission of the crime more understandable.

A) Mitigating factors
B) Aggravating factors
C) Negative factors
D) Positive factors

Question 13

Which philosophical underpinning in corrections is intended to cause vicarious learning whereby observers see that offenders are punished for a given crime and themselves are discouraged from committing a like-mannered crime due to fear of punishment?

A) General deterrence
B) Specific deterrence
C) Treatment
D) Restorative justice

Question 14

Which philosophical underpinning in corrections focuses on the offender?

A) Rehabilitation
B) General deterrence
C) Retribution
D) Incapacitation

Question 15

Which philosophical underpinning in corrections implies that offenders committing a crime should be punished in a like fashion or in a manner that is commensurate with the severity of the crime that they have committed?

A) Deterrence
B) Incapacitation
C) Retribution
D) Treatment

Question 16

Which geographical region imposes more harsh sentences than other areas of the nation?

A) East
B) West
C) Midwest
D) South

Question 17

Which philosophical underpinning in corrections is determinate sentencing NOT grounded in?

A) Retribution
B) Just desserts
C) Incapacitation
D) Rehabilitation

Question 18

Which of the following is not a philosophical underpinning in corrections?

A) Rehabilitation
B) Retribution
C) Deterrence
D) Incarceration

Question 19

Which correctional theory contends that punishment must be proportional, purposeful, and reasonable?

A) Classical criminology
B) Behavioral psychology
C) Conflict theory
D) Strain theory

Question 20

Which philosophical underpinning in corrections derives offenders of their liberty and removes them from society.

A) Incapacitation
B) Reintegration
C) Restorative justice
D) Deterrence

Question 21

Sentencing schemes under a rehabilitation orientation would be indeterminate.

Question 22

United States v. Booker (2005) held that federal judges are required to follow sentencing guidelines.

Question 23

Identify and define two of the four generally recognized philosophical underpinnings in corrections. Provide an example of a punishment that supports each philosophical underpinning.

Question 24

One type of mandatory minimum sentence is the "three strikes and you're out" law.

Question 25

Retribution equates revenge. There are few distinctions between the two terms.

Question 26

Define indeterminate and determinate sentences. What are the main differences between determinate and indeterminate sentencing?

Question 27

Most offenders convicted of a criminal offense are assessed a period of incarceration.

Question 28

Reintegration focuses on empowering victims in their search for closure.

Question 29

The continuum of sanctions refers to a broad array of sentencing and punishment options that range from simple fines to incarceration and ultimately end with the death penalty. The reason for this variety of sanctions is manifold. Identify and define the top three reasons for the variety of sanctions.

Question 30

Inmates in supermax facilities are the least likely of all inmates to care about the consequences of their actions and/or their ability to bond with other people.

Question 31

Determinate sentencing is sentencing that includes a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender.