Deck 3: The Hellenistic Age and the Rise of Rome

Question 1

Which writer argued that toleration was the defining characteristic of a true church in his 1685 Letter on Toleration?

A) Pierre Bayle
B) John Locke
C) David Hume
D) Voltaire

Answer 1

John Locke

Question 2

The most direct attack on the Catholic Church in the eighteenth century came from:

A) Montesquieu
B) Voltaire
C) Immanuel Kant
D) Rousseau

Answer 2

Immanuel Kant

Question 3

Which of the following eighteenth-century rulers would not have been considered an "enlightened despot"?

A) Joseph II of Austria
B) Frederick the Great of Prussia
C) Catherine the Great of Russia
D) George III of England

Answer 3

George III of England

Question 4

What form of government did Immanuel Kant regard as most conducive to perpetual peace?

A) a republic
B) an absolute monarchy
C) an oligarchy
D) a constitutional monarchy

Question 5

What pseudonym was used by a feminist writing in 1739 in order to challenge the patriarchal control that men held over women?

A) Sophia
B) Catherine
C) Mary
D) Heloise

Question 6

Voltaire wrote a poem about a devastating earthquake that occurred in 1755 in what European city?

A) Madrid
B) Rome
C) Lisbon
D) Naples

Question 7

Daniel Defoe demonstrated his belief that women could become morally reformed and prosperous no matter what their previous circumstances in his novel:

A) Pamela
B) Moll Flanders
C) Clarissa
D) Robinson Crusoe

Question 8

In which two works did Jean-Jacques Rousseau take up the question of whether people were basically good or inherently evil?

A) Discourse on the Origins of Inequality
B) Discourse on the Arts and Sciences
C) The Social Contract
D) Emile

Question 9

Which of the following eighteenth-century philosophers condemned slavery?

A) Montesquieu
B) David Hume
C) Rousseau
D) all of the above

Question 10

Between 1761 and 1810 about how many slaves were taken from Africa to Spanish plantations in the Caribbean and South America?

A) 100,000
B) 200,000
C) 300,000
D) 1 million

Question 11

The only group in England that consistently opposed the slave trade until the late eighteenth century was:

A) the Quakers
B) the Methodists
C) the Anglicans
D) the Presbyterians

Question 12

Maria Theresa was an important ruler who sponsored reforms during her long reign from 1740 to 1780 over:

A) Spain
B) Austria
C) France
D) Prussia

Question 13

The composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) and the mathematician Pierre Louis Maupertius (1698-1759) were patronized by what European ruler?

A) Maria Theresa
B) Frederick the Great
C) Catherine the Great
D) Joseph II

Question 14

The Russian ruler Catherine the Great was originally from:

A) Russia
B) Poland
C) France
D) Germany

Question 15

Which European philosopher is most closely associated with support for enlightened despotism (and enlightened despots)?

A) Montesquieu
B) Rousseau
C) Voltaire
D) Kant

Question 16

Pugachev's rebellion had a great effect on the attitudes toward reform of:

A) Catherine the Great
B) Maria Theresa
C) Joseph II
D) Frederick the Great

Question 17

Which eighteenth-century philosopher, associated with the idea of the categorical imperative, believed that his own moral philosophy could serve as a substitute for the Christian religion?

Question 18

Name one of the novels written by the English author Samuel Richardson that demonstrated the disastrous consequences for women who married out of love instead of out of consideration for family interests.

Question 19

What thinker associated with the Scientific Revolution inspired Enlightenment thinkers such as Fontenelle to believe that the laws of nature could be understood on the basis of mathematics?

Question 20

What adventurer sailed to Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia, and Antarctica before meeting his demise at the hands of Hawaiian natives in 1779?

Question 21

What was the most important import that African rulers gained in exchange for trading slaves to European merchants?

Question 22

What term was given to the change in policy when the Austrian foreign minister Wenzel von Kaunitz negotiated an alliance with France and Russia in 1756?

Question 23

Of all of the thinkers treated in this chapter, who is most representative of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment? Make a case for one of the following, explaining why he stands out as more representative than the others: Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Locke, Hume, Kant.

Question 24

How had the goals and aims of monarchs changed in the eighteenth century compared to those of their counterparts in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? What might account for this change? Was this a positive change and one that was likely to be beneficial or detrimental to the future of monarchical rule?