Deck 10: The Growth of Cognitive Skills

Question 1

Retrieval is described as a process that involves:

A) acting on information to make it useful
B) storing information for use in the future
C) finding a memory and bringing it to the mind for use
D) repeating information to oneself over and over

Answer 1

finding a memory and bringing it to the mind for use

Question 2

A technique used to enhance the encoding, storage, or retrieval of information is a:

A) cue
B) strategy
C) metamemory
D) schema

Answer 2

strategy

Question 3

Items in working memory are typically limited to ________ items.

A) 3 ± 2
B) 5 ± 2
C) 7 ± 2
D) 10 ± 2

Answer 3

7 ± 2

Question 4

Six-year-old Joshua is having difficulty with source monitoring.This means that he is having trouble:

A) thinking about his own memory processes and abilities
B) thinking about his own mind and thoughts
C) remembering events that happened before he was 3 years old
D) remembering where he learned something

Question 5

June's diary is best thought of as a collection of her ________ memories.

A) semantic
B) episodic
C) sensory
D) working

Question 6

All of the following are major forms of memory that psychologists study EXCEPT:

A) muscle
B) sensory
C) working
D) long-term

Question 7

The process of turning information into a mentally useful representation is called:

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) source monitoring

Question 8

Following the first year of life, the neural systems hypothesis becomes less important in understanding autobiographical memory because the brain is:

A) still so immature that it shouldn't impose limits on echoic memory
B) is mature enough that it shouldn't impose limits on iconic memory
C) still so immature that it shouldn't impose limits on episodic memory
D) mature enough that it shouldn't impose limits on episodic memory

Question 9

Between 3 and 5 years of age, children begin developing narrative skills.Important components of these skills include:

A) orienting information, referential detail, and evaluative information
B) orienting information, referential detail, and executive information
C) alerting information, referential detail, and executive information
D) orienting information, alerting information, and evaluative information

Question 10

When Jamilla experiences something new, like her first day of school, her:

A) brain changes with the new experience but her mind remains the same
B) mind changes with the new experience but her brain remains the same
C) brain and mind do not change with the new experience
D) brain and mind change with the new experience

Question 11

You use your episodic memory for all of the following EXCEPT:

A) remembering facts about child development
B) remembering your class discussing episodic memory
C) remembering your last birthday party
D) remembering where you learned something

Question 12

Holding information in memory over time is called:

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) source monitoring

Question 13

When young children begin learning about memory strategies, they initially do not spontaneously use them to improve their ability to recall information.This is because there is a ________ deficit.

A) production
B) utilization
C) primacy
D) recency

Question 14

Four-year-old Vincent is beginning to talk about important events in his past.You know this is an important step in his development of:

A) analogical reasoning
B) echoic memory
C) iconic memory
D) autobiographical memory

Question 15

Areas of the brain that are important for memory that were discussed in the text are:

A) prefrontal cortex, posterior cortex, pons
B) hippocampus, posterior cortex, medulla
C) hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, medulla
D) hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, posterior cortex

Question 16

The serial position curve can be used to:

A) teach addition and enhance procedural fluency
B) plot the rate at which children read based on word position in a sentence
C) plot the speed at which a child forgets items in a list
D) plot how often an item is recalled based on its position

Question 17

When Jason is read a list of words, he has a better memory for the last few words in the list.This is consistent with a:

A) production deficit
B) utilization deficit
C) primacy effect
D) recency effect

Question 18

If Angelina shows a primacy effect in remembering the names of cartoon characters, this means she will be better at recalling the names:

A) she feels are primary characters
B) most important to her
C) presented first to her
D) presented last to her

Question 19

Bart needs to remember a ten-digit phone number.He can get around the limitations of his working memory by using:

A) cueing
B) chunking
C) iconic memory
D) echoic memory

Question 20

Declarative memory differs from procedural memory because declarative memory is:

A) "knowing that" and procedural is "knowing how"
B) "knowing how" and procedural is "knowing that"
C) often implicit and procedural memory is often explicit
D) episodic in nature and procedural memory is autobiographical

Question 21

The three component processes discussed in the text that are at work in executive functioning are:

A) inhibitory control, shifting, and working memory
B) inhibitory control, cueing, and working memory
C) analogical reasoning, shifting, and working memory
D) analogical reasoning, cueing, and short-term memory

Question 22

Metamemory can be described as:

A) thinking about thinking
B) thinking about memory
C) enhancing thinking by increasing cues
D) enhancing memory by chunking

Question 23

Twelve-year-old Akira cannot remember anything before he was a toddler.This is likely because of:

A) analogical reasoning deficits
B) dyslexia
C) infantile amnesia
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 24

Cognitive activities involved in problem-solving and goal-directed tasks are referred to as:

A) orienting
B) executive functioning
C) metamemory
D) metacognition

Question 25

When children younger than 6 years of age are asked about how well they understand a paragraph they just read, they frequently:

A) overestimate their understanding
B) accurately estimate their understanding
C) underestimate their understanding
D) accurately estimate, but have very limited understanding

Question 26

The three components of attention are:

A) orienting, alerting, and executive functioning
B) cueing, alerting, and executive functioning
C) orienting, cueing, and executive functioning
D) orienting, alerting, and cueing

Question 27

A child is more likely to incorporate a false suggestion into a false memory if the suggestion includes an adult providing:

A) some details that are inconsistent with what the child knows
B) some details that are consistent with what the child knows
C) numerous, specific details, even if they are inconsistent with the child's experiences
D) short, vague details, that the child repeats back to the adult several times

Question 28

ADHD seems to negatively impact:

A) orienting, alerting, and executive functioning
B) orienting and alerting
C) orienting and executive functioning
D) alerting and executive functioning

Question 29

Research on precocious child experts has revealed that the most important factor in remembering information may be the person's:

A) age
B) relevant knowledge base
C) ability to use strategies
D) use of cues

Question 30

Alerting structures in the brain discussed in the text include all of the following EXCEPT the:

A) frontal area
B) thalamus
C) anterior cingulate gyrus
D) posterior area

Question 31

Kamal is told to remember the words: sting, queen, buzz, and honey.Later, when he is asked to remember the words, he is likely to misremember that he saw the word:

A) bird
B) plane
C) bee
D) wasp

Question 32

Compared to novice adults, adults with expertise in chess have memories that are:

A) better in general for most tasks
B) better for random and meaningful arrangements of chess pieces
C) better for random arrangements of chess pieces
D) better for meaningful arrangements of chess pieces

Question 33

When 6-year-old chess "experts" perform memory tasks, researchers find all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the experts are better than novice peers at remembering a wide range of things
B) the experts are better than novice peers at remembering meaningful arrangements of chess pieces
C) the experts are the same as novice peers at remembering random arrangements of chess pieces
D) the experts are better than novice adults at remembering meaningful arrangements of chess pieces

Question 34

Madison's parents hosted a party every year for her birthday and for some milestones in her first year.Which party is likely to be the earliest one Madison will remember?

A) the party for her fourth birthday
B) the party for her second birthday
C) the party for her first birthday
D) the party when she was 6 months old

Question 35

When considering a child's testimony in a courtroom, suggestibility is a concern.Five-year-old Nina is set to testify, but attorneys in the case have consulted with a psychologist and are concerned about Nina:

A) being overly compliant or having formed false memories
B) having difficulty understanding questions or being overly compliant
C) having ADHD and being fidgety
D) being overly compliant and having a limited working memory

Question 36

One explanation for infantile amnesia is the cueing hypothesis.This hypothesis emphasizes that:

A) the cues for memories in infancy are verbal and inaccessible later
B) the format of memories changes, making early memories inaccessible
C) the way we trigger memories changes with age, making early memories inaccessible
D) the brain structures for memory are changing and must mature to store early memories

Question 37

Belinda has seen a magician perform a new trick and make a dove appear.Her brother tells her the dove was in the magician's sleeve the whole time, but Belinda staunchly adheres to the magician's explanation that he has "mystical powers." Belinda's view of the trick reflects:

A) egocentrism
B) analogical reasoning
C) absolutism
D) relativism

Question 38

All of the following are hypotheses about infantile amnesia EXCEPT:

A) the formatting of memory changes over time, making infantile memory inaccessible
B) the early, immature state of brain structures prevents the adequate storage of memories
C) the traumatic experiences of infancy lead to repression of those painful memories
D) the early memories are encoded in such a way that specific cues are needed to access them

Question 39

When 4-year-olds are asked to remember a series of pictures, they will:

A) remember more pictures from the middle of the series
B) perform consistently better on the task than older children
C) overestimate how many they can remember
D) underestimate how many they can remember

Question 40

Metacognition is the ability to:

A) remember various components of one's life in an integrated narrative
B) think about our own minds and what we know
C) determine the similarities between two initially dissimilar seeming ideas
D) create attentional schemas that focus on larger events in the environment

Question 41

The development and testing of hypotheses is characterized as:

A) executive functioning
B) scientific reasoning
C) analogical reasoning
D) metacognition

Question 42

The development of reading broadly follows a child's progress through five stages.Gerard is beginning to understand the benefits of reading and starting to see how it can teach him a lot of useful information.He is in the ________ stage.

A) confirmation and fluency
B) construction and reconstruction
C) multiple viewpoints
D) reading to learn

Question 43

Compared to countries with poorer-performing math students, countries with higher-performing math students have teachers who typically:

A) use drills less often
B) have more mathematics education
C) de-emphasize conceptual exposure
D) present information more slowly

Question 44

Angelle is learning to read by learning letters, their sounds, and how to combine them.She is being taught to read using a ________ approach.

A) phonics
B) whole language
C) bootstrapping
D) fluency

Question 45

Vanessa's birthday is today; she's turning 4 years old.One present she is given is a dollhouse made to resemble her own home.Her father points to a closet in the doll house and tells her that an even better present for her is hidden in that same location in their house.Vanessa will likely:

A) not be able to hold that much symbolic information in working memory
B) attempt to open the closet on the doll house to get the present
C) run to the closet in her actual home to find the present
D) need help from an adult or older child to understand what her father means

Question 46

Researchers have been able to associate particular genes with the development of certain types of dyslexia.This means that if a child has that particular genetic vulnerability, he:

A) will develop dyslexia
B) will develop some type of learning disorder (not necessarily dyslexia)
C) won't be able to learn to read
D) may or may not develop dyslexia

Question 47

Your 7-year-old son Jonathan has average intelligence but is fidgety when trying to read.His reading teacher confides in you that his trouble with phonological awareness is likely going to cause him to be held back a year in school.You'd recommend Jonathan be tested by a psychologist for:

A) ADHD
B) ADD
C) dyslexia
D) working memory problems

Question 48

A 6-year-old is shown a series of photos displaying (1) a pizza and then (2) a pizza slice, followed by (3) a pie and then a blank card.She will most likely pick ________ for the last card.

A) a sliced pie
B) a whole pie
C) a slice of pie
D) a slice of pizza

Question 49

The most common strategies children use for adding include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) counting all
B) counting up
C) reconstructing
D) retrieving

Question 50

Children's ability to draw comes about largely once they are ________ years old.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 51

ADHD-Combined Type is typically described as a disorder that includes symptoms of:

A) impulsivity, aggression, and inattention
B) hyperactivity, aggression, and inattention
C) impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention
D) impulsivity, hyperactivity, and aggression

Question 52

A way of comparing things that seem different on the surface, but have deeper similarities underneath is:

A) analogical reasoning
B) encoding
C) executive functioning
D) metacognition

Question 53

Piaget believed children couldn't grasp analogies because they lacked:

A) executive functioning
B) preoperational thought
C) iconic memory
D) logical operators

Question 54

Alexander sits next to the window in his classroom which overlooks the road.He initially had a great deal of trouble tuning out the distracting traffic and road noise from his teacher's lecturing and presentations; however, over time he has gotten better at focusing on what occurs in the classroom.He has likely developed an:

A) analogical schema
B) attentional schema
C) orienting response
D) alerting response

Question 55

ADHD appears to have a higher incidence rate in:

A) wealthy families
B) poorer families
C) girls
D) white Americans

Question 56

A child's ability to carry out mathematical procedures efficiently is called:

A) conceptual understanding
B) orienting
C) executive functioning
D) fluency

Question 57

Generally, researchers agree that at some point in learning to read, children obtain phonological awareness, or:

A) an awareness of word meaning from their use in sentences
B) an ability to understand sound units and word structure
C) an ability to retain sounds in working memory long enough to get their meaning
D) an ability to retain sounds in sensory memory long enough to get their meaning

Question 58

Jeff has mastered dual representation.This means he can understand that:

A) two seemingly similar objects are really different
B) two seemingly different objects are really similar
C) objects can be both objects and symbols
D) objects can be used to speed procedural fluency

Question 59

Even children as young as ________ years old can understand analogies if the objects are familiar to them.

A) 9
B) 7
C) 5
D) 3

Question 60

All of the following distinguish adults' scientific thinking from children's EXCEPT:

A) children have more recent hands-on experience
B) adults can integrate information from multiple domains
C) children tend to use information from fewer domains
D) adults have better causal understanding

Question 61

Describe and contrast utilization and production deficits.

Question 62

What is the serial position curve, what does it show, and why is it important?

Question 63

Take the stance that children can demonstrate varying levels of scientific reasoning.In your defense, include the two key explanatory processes children use.

Question 64

Briefly, summarize the findings on chess expertise in children; then describe why that research was important.

Question 65

Briefly, how are memories created and retrieved?

Question 66

Describe the three broad mathematical skills used in mathematical reasoning.

Question 67

What are semantic, episodic, and autobiographical memories? How are they similar and different?

Question 68

What is infantile amnesia, why does it occur, and what cutoff age is typically associated with it?

Question 69

Describe dual representation and include an example.

Question 70

Describe metamemory and explain how it is useful.

Question 71

What are the major steps in learning how to read?

Question 72

What are declarative and procedural memory? Use an example to show why this distinction between them is important.

Question 73

What are the three components of attention, and how are they different?

Question 74

What is ADHD, and what are the core types of symptoms of the disorder?

Question 75

Why should attorneys be careful about using young children as witnesses?