Deck 13: Knowing Ourselves, Knowing Others

Question 1

Perceptions of how one should behave as a girl or boy are referred to as:

A) gender customs
B) gender identity
C) gender object choice
D) gender roles

Answer 1

gender roles

Question 2

Claudell is a 2-year-old who is being videotaped by her mother and is able to see the video display.Claudell notices that the person on the video display moves in a way that is synchronous with her movements.This illustrates a(n) ________ self-concept.

A) dynamic
B) ecological
C) kinesthetic
D) reciprocal

Answer 2

kinesthetic

Question 3

Noelany is a 12-month-old infant.When will she likely learn that she is a girl?

A) 18 months of age
B) 2 years of age
C) 3 years of age
D) 4 years of age

Answer 3

2 years of age

Question 4

Kelley, an 18-month-old, does not yet understand that she has privileged experiences that no one else has access to.When will she likely start to develop a sense of private self?

A) 2 years of age
B) 3 years of age
C) 4 years of age
D) 5 years of age

Question 5

________ refers to the various ways individuals think about themselves and have distinct kinds of self-awareness.

A) Conceptual self
B) Private self
C) Self-concept
D) Sense of self

Question 6

Development of the ________ self in the preschool years may be an important factor in explaining the point at which infantile amnesia declines.

A) conceptual
B) extended
C) memorial
D) temporal

Question 7

Miley believes that there are boy toys (for example, trucks) and girl toys (for example, dolls).When did she likely start to learn about gender-typical toys?

A) 18 months of age
B) 2 years of age
C) 3 years of age
D) 4 years of age

Question 8

Glenn is a 15-month-old infant.His mother puts a dab of rouge on his face and puts him in front of the mirror.Which is the LEAST likely outcome?

A) Glenn ignores the dot on his face.
B) Glenn touches the mirror image as if it were an "other child."
C) Glenn points to the dot on the mirror image.
D) Glenn wipes off the dot from his face.

Question 9

Which sense of self is evident from birth onward?

A) conceptual
B) ecological
C) extended
D) interpersonal

Question 10

Mitch thinks of his past accomplishments and what he believes he can attain in the future.This illustrates his ________ self.

A) conceptual
B) extended
C) ideal
D) temporal

Question 11

Chloe is riding her bike and experiences a sense of self-presence and movement in the environment.This illustrates the ________ self.

A) conceptual
B) ecological
C) extended
D) proprioceptive

Question 12

All of the following species have passed the mirror task EXCEPT:

A) African gray parrots
B) bottle-nosed dolphins
C) chimpanzees
D) humans

Question 13

Neisser argued for all of the following senses of self EXCEPT:

A) conceptual
B) ecological
C) public
D) private

Question 14

The perception of the self as a girl or boy is referred to as:

A) gender distinctiveness
B) gender identity
C) gender object choice
D) gender roles

Question 15

All of the following statements about gender identity are true EXCEPT:

A) children first learn their own gender category around 2 years of age
B) a sense of a deeper essential nature of gender-that there is something intrinsic determining gender-emerges at around 4 years of age
C) gender identity and gender roles develop simultaneously as one integrated complex
D) there are some indications that children have a biologically determined sense of their sex

Question 16

All of the following are included in the private self EXCEPT:

A) dreams
B) social roles
C) perspectives about a situation
D) knowledge of how it feels to move one's body in a certain way

Question 17

Gretchen is curious about when her infant son will recognize himself in the mirror.When will this ability likely be evident?

A) 6 months of age
B) 12 months of age
C) 18 months of age
D) 24 months of age

Question 18

________ refers to a conscious sense of self as an independent agent in the world.

A) Conceptual self
B) Sense of self-determination
C) Self-concept
D) Reflective self

Question 19

________ self is our sense of ourselves as progressing along an autobiographical timeline.

A) Conceptual
B) Extended
C) Protracted
D) Temporal

Question 20

Which sense of self is most influenced by others and by ambient culture?

A) conceptual
B) ecological
C) individualistic
D) interpersonal

Question 21

________ refers to people's beliefs about how capable they are of achieving their goals.

A) Self-determination
B) Self-efficacy
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-evaluation

Question 22

Which part of the brain plays a key role in inhibition?

A) frontal lobes
B) occipital lobe
C) parietal lobe
D) temporal lobe

Question 23

Rachel has noticed that she is a much better swimmer than her peers.She recognizes that she can swim laps faster and that the instructor is always praising her form while correcting her classmates' form.This illustrates:

A) kinesthetic self-concept
B) overjustification effect
C) self-efficacy
D) social comparison

Question 24

Dr.Hart studies adults' self-regulation abilities.Dr.Spence studies preschoolers' self-regulation abilities.They both work in the same laboratory, which has a mirrored wall.How will this affect their work?

A) Neither Dr.Hart's nor Dr.Spence's participants will be affected by the presence of the mirrored wall.
B) Only Dr.Hart's adult participants will show increased self-awareness and higher levels of self-regulation as a result of the mirrored wall.
C) Only Dr.Spence's child participants will show increased self-awareness and higher levels of self-regulation as a result of the mirrored wall.
D) Both Dr.Hart's and Dr.Spence's participants will show increased self-awareness and higher levels of self-regulation as a result of the mirrored wall.

Question 25

Zev has a math test the next day.He believes that he can successfully complete his exam.This belief demonstrates high:

A) self-comparison
B) self-determination
C) self-efficacy
D) self-esteem

Question 26

________ refers to networks of social relations based on the ranking of group members.

A) Ascendancy chains
B) Dominance hierarchies
C) Power mapping
D) Sociometric rankings

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Self-efficacy and self-esteem tend to both be global and domain general.
B) Self-efficacy tends to be global and domain general while self-esteem can be specific to tasks and concepts.
C) Self-esteem tends to be global and domain general while self-efficacy can be specific to tasks and concepts.
D) Self-efficacy and self-esteem tend to both be highly specific to tasks and concepts.

Question 28

Amanda shares several details about herself with her new teacher.She says that she is a girl, likes swimming, and can count to 100.These statements reflect her:

A) ecological self
B) extended self
C) self-concept
D) self-esteem

Question 29

Yuko is a 5-year-old growing up in Japan and Ursula is a 5-year-old growing up in the United States.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Yuko and Ursula will not differ in self-regulatory abilities.
B) Yuko will show higher levels of self-regulation early on.
C) Ursula will show higher levels of self-regulation early on.
D) Yuko will show higher levels of self-regulation but this difference will not be evident until adolescence.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Self-efficacy and self-esteem both have a moment-to-moment quality.
B) Self-efficacy has more of a moment-to-moment quality than self-esteem.
C) Self-esteem has more of a moment-to-moment quality than self-efficacy.
D) Self-efficacy and self-esteem are both extremely stable.

Question 31

Which statement best describes the average trajectory of self-esteem from preschool through adolescence?

A) Self-esteem starts off at medium levels and then persists.
B) Self-esteem starts off at high levels and then persists.
C) Self-esteem starts off extremely high and gradually becomes more realistic.
D) Self-esteem starts off extremely low and gradually becomes more realistic.

Question 32

At what age are children able to make inferences about a person's behaviors in terms of that person's goals?

A) 18 months of age
B) 2 years of age
C) 3 years of age
D) 4 years of age

Question 33

Maxwell is 4 years old and his brother, Samuel, is 9 years old.Their mother tells them that they can watch 10 minutes of television right now or wait and watch an hour at bedtime.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Both children will choose to watch television for 10 minutes immediately.
B) Maxwell is more likely to wait and watch an hour of television compared to Samuel.
C) Samuel is more likely to wait and watch an hour of television compared to Maxwell.
D) Both children will choose to wait and watch an hour of television at bedtime.

Question 34

Susie is in preschool and her sister, Stacy, is in fourth grade.Which outcome is most likely?

A) Both Susie and Stacy have extremely positive views of self-esteem on all dimensions.
B) Susie will have extremely positive views of self-esteem and Stacy will see clear negative attributes in the self.
C) Stacy will have extremely positive views of self-esteem and Susie will see clear negative attributes in the self.
D) Both Susie and Stacy see positive and also negative attributes in the self.

Question 35

________ refers to our ability to control our emotions and actions and behave in ways that are appropriate for various circumstances.

A) Self-determination
B) Self-directance
C) Self-guidance
D) Self-regulation

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Only one's own experiences can affect their feelings of self-efficacy.
B) Observing peers' experience of success, but not failure, can affect the self-efficacy of the observer.
C) Observing peers' experience of failure, but not success, can affect the self-efficacy of the observer.
D) Observing peers' experience of success or failure can affect the self-efficacy of the observer.

Question 37

The ability to think about other people's beliefs and desires is known as:

A) concept of others
B) extended self
C) other-based reasoning
D) theory of mind

Question 38

Miguel has started to make social comparisons, but only by comparing his current self to what he was like at a younger age.Miguel is likely in:

A) preschool
B) early school years
C) middle childhood
D) adolescence

Question 39

The value-related aspect of thinking about ourselves is referred to as:

A) self-concept
B) self-determination
C) self-esteem
D) self-evaluation

Question 40

Some researchers believe that theory of mind develops as a(n) ________, or a relatively autonomous, specialized cognitive system.

A) attribution
B) component
C) faculty
D) module

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true about performance on the false-belief task?

A) Two and one-half-year-olds are never able to pass false-belief tasks.
B) Two and one-half-year-olds are most likely to succeed if the experimenter looks directly at the child while asking her where the protagonist will look.
C) Two and one-half-year-olds are more likely to succeed if the experimenter looks up at the ceiling and seems to ask herself where the protagonist will look.
D) Two and one-half-year-olds are always able to pass false-belief tasks.

Question 42

Gracie is a 9-month-old in a high chair at the table.She sees her mother look at one of two books on the table.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Gracie will not notice where her mother is looking.
B) Gracie will look longer at the book that is in the direction of her mother's eye gaze.
C) Gracie will look longer at the book that is in the opposite direction from her mother's eye gaze.
D) Gracie will split her attention between both books on the table.

Question 43

Marshall is a 10-year-old with autism.He will likely:

A) fail both false-belief and false-photograph tasks
B) fail false-belief tasks and pass false-photograph tasks
C) fail false-photograph tasks and pass false-belief tasks
D) pass both false-belief and false-photograph tasks

Question 44

Children become able to reason about other's pretend play:

A) before they pass classic false-belief tasks
B) at the same time that they pass classic false-belief tasks
C) after they pass classic false-belief tasks
D) when they turn five and gain better perspective-taking skills

Question 45

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A) humans are the only species whose eyes have dark pupils and irises against a bright white background
B) there may be some evolutionary cost if the whites of human eyes are more visible to predators
C) adults show the same types of brain responses to gazes toward objects and gazes toward people
D) adults show different neural responses to a person who looks directly at them than a person who averts his gaze

Question 46

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A) several primate species maintain elaborate dominance hierarchies, or networks of relations based on the ranking of group members
B) the structure of hierarchies often involves a single powerful individual at the top and increasingly large groups of subordinates as status decreases
C) when new members join a primate group, they are often unable to infer the hierarchy of relationships from observing interactions
D) primates can be sensitively tuned to the social dominance relations in their group, but also show major deficiencies in other theory of mind tasks

Question 47

Vicki just turned 3 and her sister, Gail, just turned 5.Both participate in an unexpected locations task.The researcher tells them about a girl who puts an object in a covered basket.When she leaves the room a boy moves the object from the basket to a covered box and then leaves the room.The researcher asks Vicki and Gail where the girl will look for the object when she returns to the room.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Both children will say the girl will look in the basket.
B) Vicki will say the girl will look in the box and Gail will say the girl will look in the basket.
C) Gail will say the girl will look in the box and Vicki will say the girl will look in the basket.
D) Both children will say the girl will look in the box.

Question 48

When most westerners observe someone else doing poorly on an exam they are most likely to attribute the failure or success to dispositional variables than to situational ones.This bias is referred to as the:

A) fixed trait error
B) fundamental attribution error
C) incremental attribution error
D) theory of mind error

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true of 3-year-olds?

A) Three-year-olds tend to fail both the false-belief task and the false-photograph task.
B) Three-year-olds succeed on the false-photograph task but not the false-belief task because they do not need to think about others' minds.
C) Three-year-olds succeed on the false-belief task but not the false-photograph task because they are able to think about others' minds.
D) Three-year-olds tend to pass both the false-belief and the false-photograph test.

Question 50

Brandi is a 12-month-old.She sees her father turn on the light with his forehead, though his hands were empty.Sasha, also a 12-month-old, sees her father has his hands full, and uses his forehead to turn on the light.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Both girls will turn on the light with their hands.
B) Brandi is more likely than Sasha to turn on the light with her forehead.
C) Sasha is more likely than Brandi to turn on the light with her forehead.
D) Both girls will turn on the light with their forehead.

Question 51

All of the following statements are true of researchers who have proposed the existence of a theory of mind module EXCEPT:

A) the ability to reason about the mental states of others is a special cognitive adaptation
B) it is evolutionarily advantageous to be able to reason about the mental states of others
C) the ability to reason about the mental states of others arises out of learning about the social world
D) part of the human cognitive makeup consists of specialized, autonomous systems for processing distinct kinds of information

Question 52

The fundamental attribution error leads people to:

A) attribute negative behaviors in others and themselves to situations
B) attribute negative behaviors in others to trait-like dispositions but the same behavior in themselves to situations
C) attribute negative behaviors in others to situations but the same behavior in themselves to trait-like dispositions
D) attribute negative behaviors in others and themselves to trait-like dispositions

Question 53

Michelle falls asleep in her psychology class during a guest lecture.Her classmate assumes this was a result of the guest lecturer being boring.This is an example of what psychologists refer to as a(n) ________ attribution.

A) dispositional
B) intrinsic
C) extrinsic
D) situational

Question 54

Individuals with ________ have theory of mind deficits.

A) anorexia
B) autism
C) bipolar disorder
D) bulimia

Question 55

Joe participates in a study.He is presented with a box of bandages.When he opens the box, he sees an eraser.The researcher asks him what another child seeing the box for the first time would think was inside it.This is an example of a(n):

A) false-belief task
B) Sally-Anne task
C) social cognition task
D) unexpected locations task

Question 56

Jamal is a 3-year-old who participates in the false photograph task with his cousin Daniel, who is 5 years old.Each child is shown a camera on a tripod with a stuffed bear in front of it.The experimenter takes a picture with the camera.After doing this, she replaces the stuffed bear with a stuffed dog.She then asks each child to note what animal was in the photograph.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Both boys will say the stuffed bear.
B) Only Jamal will say the stuffed bear.
C) Only Daniel will say the stuffed dog.
D) Both boys will say the stuffed dog.

Question 57

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A) children younger than 3½ view human beliefs as if people were all-knowing
B) before age 3½ children tend to think about beliefs as if they were desires
C) the unexpected contents task and the unexpected locations task are both false-belief tasks
D) there is consensus among scholars that the false-belief task is a good measure of theory of mind

Question 58

Primates tend to show more sophisticated forms of social cognition when they are:

A) in the presence of a predator
B) in competitive situations
C) in cooperative situations
D) with their offspring

Question 59

Marti believes that Jasper knocked her notebook off the table because he is a mean person.This is an example of what psychologists refer to as a(n) ________ attribution.

A) dispositional
B) intrinsic
C) extrinsic
D) situational

Question 60

Which of the following statements is correct about gaze following?

A) Human infants and great apes are both more likely to follow the direction of gaze than direction of the head as a whole.
B) Human infants are more likely to follow the direction of gaze than direction of the head.
C) Great apes are more likely to follow the direction of gaze than direction of the head.
D) Human infants and great apes are both more likely to follow the direction of the head as a whole than the direction of gaze.

Question 61

Describe how beliefs about the role of socialization in the emergence of gender identity have changed in the last decade or so.

Question 62

Janice believes her teacher is entirely good.She predicts her teachers' future behaviors based on this view.This illustrates:

A) dispositional reasoning
B) evaluative reasoning
C) incremental reasoning
D) trait-based reasoning

Question 63

Janice is curious as to whether her infant daughter is capable of self-recognition.Describe how she can test her daughter's ability to recognize herself.

Question 64

Describe the interpersonal self, noting when this is evident in development.

Question 65

Describe how self-esteem changes with development.

Question 66

Sung grew up in Korea and Jason grew up in the United States.Which of the following statements is correct about the types of attributions both men would make for negative behavior?

A) Both men are most likely to make situational attributions.
B) Sung is more likely to make situational attributions than is Jason.
C) Jason is more likely to make situational attributions than is Sung.
D) Both men are most likely to make dispositional attributions.

Question 67

Kayla failed her statistics exam.She believes this was a result of her not having studied enough.She believes that she can do better on the next exam if she studies.Kayla would be a(n):

A) fixed-trait theorist
B) fundamental theorist
C) incremental theorist
D) situational theorist

Question 68

Sapphire is 5 years old and her sister, Marsha, is 10 years old.Which of the following is most likely?

A) Both girls will primarily rely on trait-based reasoning.
B) Sapphire will be more likely than Marsha to rely on trait-based reasoning.
C) Sapphire will be more likely than Marsha to rely on evaluative reasoning.
D) Both girls will primarily rely on evaluative reasoning.

Question 69

Differentiate between the private self and the conceptual self.

Question 70

Differentiate between gender identity, gender roles, and gender object choice.

Question 71

Dr.DeOrnellas is a counselor at a local school.She is working with a student who is sure he will fail his math class.Describe this situation in terms of self-efficacy and discuss how Dr.DeOrnellas should intervene.

Question 72

Researchers assigned children who showed intrinsic interest in drawing to three distinct groups and used a common assessment to determine the percentage of time that children later chose to play with the art materials that they had played with during the experimental session.These researchers found:

A) children in the expected-reward condition played with the art materials more than they had at the outset
B) children in the unexpected-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset
C) children in the no-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset
D) children in the expected-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset

Question 73

Computation Company created an educational video game that teaches mathematic skills by embedding math problems in the most exciting parts of the game.Addition Associates created an educational game that teaches mathematic skills by embedding math problems in the tests at the end of the game, where achieving a good score was the reward.After playing both games, children will be ________ in the future.

A) unlikely to play either game
B) equally attracted to both games
C) more likely to play the Computation Company game
D) more likely to play the Addition Associates game

Question 74

Differentiate between self-esteem and self-concept.

Question 75

Rona is 4 years old and her sister, Amelia, is 10 years old.Explain how you would expect both girls to perform in a delayed gratification task and provide a possible explanation for your predictions.

Question 76

Jayden is 5 years old, and his brother, Zach, is 10 years old.Both boys are told a story about a child who was very fearful.When asked what the protagonist of the story would be like as an adult:

A) both boys will believe the protagonist of the story will become even more fearful
B) Jayden will expect more positive change for the protagonist than would Zach
C) Zach will expect more positive change for the protagonist than would Jayden
D) both boys will believe the protagonist of the story will become extremely brave

Question 77

Giving people the sense of having a choice in decisions about their lives and daily activities is referred to as:

A) self-attribution
B) self-determination
C) self-directionality
D) self-efficacy

Question 78

Mei is a 5-year-old growing up in Japan.She and her mother hear a story about a young girl who is very aggressive.What are Mei and her mother most likely to think will happen to the protagonist when she grows up?

A) Both will believe the protagonist of the story will become even meaner.
B) Mei is more likely than her mother to expect positive change for the protagonist.
C) Her mother is more likely than Mei to expect positive change for the protagonist.
D) Both will believe the protagonist of the story will become nice.

Question 79

Jack had shown intrinsic interest for pitching a ball.He had been asked to pitch repeatedly and told he would receive a reward for doing so.After pitching to earn the reward, he seemed to discount his earlier, intrinsic motivation for pitching.This phenomenon is known as the:

A) expected reward effect
B) fundamental attribution effect
C) incentivizing effect
D) over-justification effect

Question 80

Maysa did poorly on her term paper.She believes she is a horrible writer.The professor suggested that Maysa visit the Writing Center, but she does not see a point to putting in more effort for her next assignment because it probably would not improve her grade.Maysa would be a(n):

A) fixed-trait theorist
B) fundamental theorist
C) incremental theorist
D) situational theorist