Deck 8: Motivation, Emotions, and Sexual Behaviors: an Overview

Question 1

Shortcomings of instinct approaches to motivation include which of the following?

A) Humans don't appear to have any true instincts.
B) Human behaviours are far more complex than those of other organisms.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Answer 1

both of these options

Question 2

Basic drives that are related to biological needs of the body or of the species as a whole are called__________ drives.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) primary
D) secondary

Answer 2

primary

Question 3

Basic drives in which behaviour fulfills no obvious biological needs are called __________ drives.

A) motivational
B) psychological
C) primary
D) secondary

Answer 3

secondary

Question 4

Each of the following is a primary drive except

A) hunger.
B) thirst.
C) avoidance of pain.
D) desire to be competent.

Question 5

Which of the following is the best example of drive based behaviour?

A) Sky-diving.
B) Working long hours because of how much you love your job.
C) Putting on a sweater when you are cold.
D) Solving a crossword puzzle.

Question 6

Why do drive-reduction approaches fail to offer a complete account of human motivation?

A) Prior experience and learning are not considered.
B) The difference between primary and secondary drives is not well defined.
C) People are sometimes motivated to increase rather than to decrease their level of stimulation.
D) All of these are failures of drive-reduction theory.

Question 7

Which of the following statements BEST expresses the relationship between drives and incentives in the explanation of human behaviour?

A) Drives and incentives each tend to explain quite different types of behaviours.
B) Drives and incentives tend to work in opposing directions when it comes to motivation.
C) Drives and incentives are really the same thing.
D) Drives and incentives are likely to both contribute to the explanation of a given behaviour.

Question 8

According to Maslow, the needs that must be met before all other needs are

A) safety.
B) physiological.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-actualization.

Question 9

A person seeking a sense of self-worth is at which level in Maslow's hierarchy?

A) physiological
B) self-actualization
C) esteem
D) safety

Question 10

Which of the following are limitations to Maslow's theory of needs?

A) Research has not validated the order of the needs proposed in the hierarchy.
B) It is difficult to measure self-actualization objectively.
C) both of these options are correct
D) neither of these options are correct

Question 11

Why are there so many different approaches to motivation?

A) A large number of approaches is required to sufficiently confuse students new to psychology.
B) Different approaches are needed to explain different behaviours.
C) Even common behaviours such as eating may be motivated by many different factors.
D) Because it is important to have explanations that cover both natural instincts and social drives.

Question 12

Which figure best approximates the number of people with anorexia who literally starve themselves to death?

A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 45%

Question 13

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of:

A) obesity
B) weight-to-height ratio
C) weight as a function of height
D) All of these

Question 14

Which of the following is an accepted operational definition of obesity?

A) BMI>5
B) BMI > 10
C) BMI > 20
D) BMI > 30

Question 15

Your text points out that other species rarely become obese. This fact

A) suggests that some people are born without a lateral hypothalamus.
B) does not support theories of human obesity emphasizing the social and cultural roots of the phenomenon.
C) supports theories of human obesity emphasizing the social and cultural roots of the phenomenon.
D) suggests that some people are born without a ventromedial hypothalamus.

Question 16

Which of the following chemical or hormonal processes signal hunger?

A) changes in glucose levels in the blood
B) increases in the levels of the hormone ghrelin
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 17

Social factors that contribute to eating-and overeating-include

A) eating at customary times of day, even if we are not especially hungry.
B) the tendency to associate eating with comfort, relief, and pleasure.
C) norms regarding the size of portions.
D) All of these

Question 18

Brittany has experienced a major weight loss and has begun refusing to eat. She denies that she has an eating problem and does not recognize that she suffers from

A) bulimia.
B) poor self-actualization
C) obesity.
D) anorexia nervosa.

Question 19

Approximately _____ of those who suffer from anorexia nervosa ultimately die from its effects.

A) 15%
B) 10%
C) 5%
D) 1%

Question 20

Valerie eats huge amounts of food in a single sitting, then vomits and uses laxatives to purge the excess food. Valerie appears to suffer from

A) bulimia.
B) the flu.
C) obesity.
D) anorexia nervosa.

Question 21

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia: Nature or nurture?

A) Nature: chemical imbalances in the hypothalamus and pituitary glands seem to be associated with eating disorders.
B) Nurture: Western culture exerts pressure on women to be thin.
C) Nurture: overly demanding or controlling family environments tend to be associated with the development of eating disorders.
D) Nature and nurture: all these factors may come into play.

Question 22

Androgen is to estrogen as __________ is to _________.

A) testes; ovaries
B) cyclical; noncyclical
C) ovaries; testes
D) none of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT one of the female sex hormones?

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) androgen
D) All of these are female sex hormones.

Question 24

__________ men report that they have masturbated at least once during their lives.

A) Most
B) About half of all
C) Very few
D) Nearly all

Question 25

__________ women report that they have masturbated at least once during their lives.

A) Most
B) About half of all
C) Very few
D) Nearly all

Question 26

Many decades ago, a majority of adults indicated that premarital sex was _________.

A) always wrong
B) usually wrong
C) acceptable
D) a personal decision

Question 27

Currently, a majority of adults indicate that premarital sex is _________.

A) always wrong
B) usually wrong
C) acceptable
D) a personal decision

Question 28

Your text suggests that rates of extramarital sex have _______ in recent decades.

A) increased
B) declined
C) stayed about the same
D) not been studied

Question 29

With regard to brain structure, research shows that compared to heterosexual men and women, gay men have a larger

A) anterior commissure.
B) anterior hypothalamus.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) amygdala.

Question 30

Fact or fiction: Gay people are sick.

A) Fact: the American Psychiatric Association classifies homosexuality as a mental illness.
B) Fact: the Bible condemns it.
C) Fiction: gay people are just as well-adjusted psychologically as are their straight counterparts.
D) none of these options

Question 31

Tasks of low difficulty tend to be _______ to high need achievers.

A) attractive
B) unappealing
C) challenging
D) confusing

Question 32

Kylie plans to assess the need for achievement among a sample of college seniors, and divides them into three groups: high need achievers, medium need achievers, and low need achievers. She then examines their GPAs at the end of the year. Which group would she expect to have the highest GPA?

A) Low need achievers
B) Medium need achievers
C) High need achievers
D) It is impossible to predict GPA based on need achievement ratings.

Question 33

Dr. Moffat measures the need for affiliation among a sample of male and female college students; in addition, she asks participants to report the number of hours they spend socializing with friends each week. She prepares a line graph of her results, with need-for-affiliation scores on the x-axis and hours spent socializing on the y-axis. One line shows the results for her female participants; the other, those for her male participants. Based on your text's discussion, how do you think the lines would look?

A) They would converge from left to right.
B) They would diverge from left to right.
C) They would cross.
D) They would remain more or less parallel from left to right.

Question 34

A current controversy in the psychology of emotion concerns the extent to which emotions involve a cognitive element. Of which of the following statements might we be certain at present?

A) Emotional experiences may involve a cognitive component.
B) Emotional experiences necessarily involve a cognitive component.
C) Separate physiological systems govern cognitive responses on the one hand, and emotional ones on the other.
D) The subjective feeling of an emotion precedes its cognitive component.

Question 35

According to your text, the functions of emotions include which of the following?

A) preparing the individual for action
B) facilitating learning
C) enhancing communication with others
D) All of these

Question 36

Controversial issues in the psychology of emotion include:

A) being unable to identify several key functions of emotion.
B) identifying the most basic, fundamental emotions.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 37

English contains many, many words to describe emotions. How have psychologists attempted to reduce this complexity to identify the most fundamental emotions?

A) They have tried to sort the emotions into discrete, broad categories.
B) They have tried to identify a small number of component dimensions constituting all emotional experience.
C) They have attempted to develop a hierarchical organization of emotions.
D) All of these

Question 38

What are Schadenfreude, hagaii, and musu?

A) condiments used in other countries
B) highly specific emotions
C) night-blooming flowers
D) bizarre weather conditions found in different parts of the world-like the Santa Ana winds, only foreign

Question 39

The English language lacks a specific term to refer to a mood of vulnerable heartache tinged by frustration. The Japanese language has a single term to refer to this feeling. This may mean that, compared to Japanese speakers, English speakers

A) have a harder time talking about this feeling.
B) may have more difficulty experiencing this emotion.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 40

Which of the following statements correctly identifies a shortcoming of James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) Physiological activation doesn't always produce an emotional experience.
B) Physiological activation may not be sufficiently specific to account for the wide range of emotions we experience.
C) Physiological changes may not always occur quickly enough to be the basis of our emotional experiences.
D) All of these

Question 41

Which of the following theories of emotion is/are INCORRECTLY matched with the sequence of events it proposes?

A) Cannon-Bard-stimulus ? physiological response ? cognitive labelling ? emotional experience
B) Schachter-Singer-stimulus ? physiological response + emotional experience
C) Both are incorrectly matched.
D) Neither are is incorrectly matched.

Question 42

Is it a problem that there are so many theories of emotion?

A) Yes-it suggests that psychology is not really a science. If it were, something more coherent would
Have emerged by now.
B) No-psychology is a complex, developing field, and a diversity of approaches is to be expected, especially with emerging research techniques that may someday bring additional clarity to the field.
C) both of these are correct
D) neither of these is correct

Question 43

The likelihood that the similarity between emotional expressions observed in Western cultures and those seen in Papua New Guinea actually reflect the role of "nurture" rather than that of "nature" is relatively low because

A) the cultures have had extremely little contact with each other.
B) the experiences of individuals in one of these cultures are probably vastly different from those of individuals in the other.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 44

The facial-affect program

A) is a forensic software program, often featured on police procedural shows.
B) is innate and universal.
C) is strongly "tweaked" by experience.
D) is under the deliberate control of executive areas of the frontal cortex.

Question 45

People who are intrinsically motivated are motivated by which of the following?

A) personal satisfaction and interest
B) rewards or personal recognition
C) both of these options
D) none of these options

Question 46

People who are extrinsically motivated are motivated by which of the following?

A) personal satisfaction and interest
B) rewards or personal recognition
C) both of these options
D) none of these options

Question 47

According to a 2002 Canadian health survey, approximately _______ women and _______ men are at risk of developing an eating disorder.

A) 150,000; 29,000
B) 230,000; 48,000
C) 360,000; 64,000
D) 400,000; 80,000

Question 48

Men who have a waist circumference of 102 cm and women who have a waist circumference of 88 cm are at an increased risk for which of the following?

A) high blood pressure
B) diabetes
C) heart disease
D) all of these options

Question 49

How many stages did Masters and Johnson discover there were in the human sexual response cycle?

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7

Question 50

Lucia O'Sullivan and colleagues conducted research on students' engagement in unprotected sex. Which of the following did the researchers find was the reason why students don't use protection?

A) the lack of immediate negative consequences
B) alternative prevention (e.g. withdrawal)
C) the belief that condom use results in a loss of physical sensation
D) all of these options

Question 51

A 1995 survey determined that ________ of Canadians believed extramarital affairs were never okay.

A) 40%
B) 65%
C) 80%
D) 95%

Question 52

Drive theory is to internal as the ________ approach is to external.

Question 53

Concerning the roots of obesity, the settling point hypothesis takes the environment into account to a_________ extent than does the set point hypothesis.

Question 54

A "perfect gentleman" might, but he wouldn't tell; a "nice girl," in contrast, just plain wouldn't. This exemplifies the ________ regarding premarital sex.

Question 55

Transsexualism is a _________ concept than transgenderism.

Question 56

A "gut reaction" is more formally termed a(n) ___________.

Question 57

Comparing the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories with respect to the time course of an emotional experience, the subjective feeling of emotion occurs _________ following a stimulus in the Cannon-Bardthan in the James-Lange theory.

Question 58

The psychologist Paul _______ is known for early demonstrations among Westerners and New Guineansof the universality of emotional expressions.

Question 59

Sally studies because she wants to attain a high average, but she doesn't really like her geography course.This would be an example of ______ motivation.

Question 60

John studies because he is interested in psychology and it peaks his interest. This would be an example of________ motivation.

Question 61

About one out of every _______ Canadians are overweight.

Question 62

Researchers studying eating habits of college students found that students who made an intention to eat healthier also had healthier _______.

Question 63

The four stages in Masters and Johnson's human sexual response cycle include excitement, plateau, orgasm, and _______.

Question 64

Define the "double standard" as it applies to premarital sex. To what extent is the double standard a product of culture? Review the evidence examining stability or change in the double standard over time in Western culture.

Question 65

Compare and contrast the James-Lange and Schachter-Singer theories of emotion. How might contemporary neuroscientific evidence inform the evaluation of these competing theories?

Question 66

To what extent do one's language and one's culture influence one's experience of emotion? Survey the evidence regarding cross-cultural variability and cross-cultural universality in the experience and expression of emotion.