Deck 4: Exploring Altered States of Consciousness, Sleep, and Drug Use

Question 1

Which of the following might be termed an "altered" state of consciousness?

A) sleep
B) dreaming
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Answer 1

both of these options

Question 2

A mental state other than an ordinary waking state is

A) a state of mental awareness.
B) an altered state of consciousness.
C) alertness.
D) selective attention.

Answer 2

an altered state of consciousness.

Question 3

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) Stage 1 sleep-lasts only a few minutes, transition from wakefulness to sleep
B) Stage 2 sleep-slower, more regular wave pattern, sleep spindles
C) Stage 3 sleep-paradoxical sleep, paralysis
D) Stage 4 sleep-we are least responsive to external stimuli, sleepwalking

Answer 3

Stage 3 sleep-paradoxical sleep, paralysis

Question 4

Liz is in the first stage of sleep. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of her consciousness at this time?

A) sleep spindles
B) relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves
C) it lasts only a few minutes
D) it is the transition from wakefulness to sleep

Question 5

Of the NREM sleep stages, stage ___ is the shortest; stage ___, the longest.

A) 1; 2
B) 1; 4
C) 2; 1
D) 4; 1

Question 6

Sleepwalking is most likely to occur in

A) Stage 2.
B) REM.
C) Stage 4.
D) Stage 1.

Question 7

The stage of sleep that is marked by eye movements, dreaming, and paralysis of the muscles is called__________ sleep.

A) transitional
B) paralytical
C) REM
D) circadian

Question 8

REM stands for

A) random eye movements.
B) rapid eye movements.
C) random encephalographic memory.
D) rapid encoding of memory.

Question 9

Which of the following signs suggest that you may be sleep deprived?

A) You feel weary and irritable.
B) You find it difficult to concentrate on this question.
C) You have difficulty thinking logically.
D) All of these suggest you may be sleep deprived.

Question 10

Potential biopsychological functions of sleep include

A) neuronal repair.
B) receptor cell maintenance.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 11

The true, unconscious meaning of the dream is the __________ content of a dream.

A) expressed
B) manifest
C) latent
D) repressed

Question 12

The method of dream interpretation that emphasizes the roles of manifest and latent dream content is

A) activation-synthesis theory.
B) unconscious wish fulfillment theory.
C) dreams-for-survival theory.
D) latent content theory.

Question 13

Brett reports a dream about a stranger who robs him on the bus. According to Freud, this would be the__________ content of the dream.

A) repressed
B) latent
C) expressed
D) manifest

Question 14

You run a study in which participants were awakened either during REM sleep or during NREM sleep. They were then tested on a visual memory task the next day. Think back to your study of research methods in psychology; which of the following alternatives correctly names and identifies variables or groups in this study?

A) independent variable-memory task performance; dependent variable: REM vs. NREM awakening
B) experimental group-NREM awakening; control group: REM awakening
C) independent variable-REM vs. NREM awakening; dependent variable: memory task performance
D) none of these options

Question 15

Four-year old DeMarcus falls asleep shortly after his 8:30 p.m. bedtime. At about 9:45 he suddenly sits up in bed screaming but cannot recall why he screamed. DeMarcus is probably experiencing

A) a nightmare.
B) a narcoleptic attack.
C) a night terror.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 16

The persistent inability to fall or stay asleep is a symptom of

A) insomnia.
B) narcolepsy.
C) night terrors.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 17

Which of the following is FALSE about sleep apnea?

A) It may play a role in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
B) It is characterized by difficulty breathing during sleep.
C) Some people may wake as much as 500 times during a night.
D) The person may suddenly fall asleep during daily activities.

Question 18

Jennifer suddenly slumps over in her chair and appears to have fallen asleep in mid-sentence. Which of the following is the BEST explanation for Jennifer's behaviour?

A) She suffers from epilepsy.
B) She did not get enough sleep last night.
C) She suffers from narcolepsy.
D) She suffers from insomnia.

Question 19

According to your text, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may reflect

A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) both of these options
D) none of these options

Question 20

Which of the following body processes exemplify circadian rhythms?

A) sleeping and waking
B) blood pressure
C) body temperature
D) All of these

Question 21

Circadian rhythms are

A) patterns that repeat themselves on a twice daily schedule.
B) rhythmical processes in your brain.
C) biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
D) physical and mental changes associated with the cycle of the moon.

Question 22

Which altered state of consciousness is/are CORRECTLY matched with its definition?

A) Hypnosis-a trancelike state of heightened susceptibility
B) Meditation-a technique to refocus attention
C) both of these options
D) none of these options

Question 23

Which of the following is true regarding hypnosis?

A) Everyone can be hypnotized.
B) Most, but not everyone, can be hypnotized.
C) About half the population can be hypnotized.
D) Most people cannot be hypnotized.

Question 24

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a difference between waking consciousness and hypnosis?

A) The difference between these two states is not clearly defined.
B) Many physiological differences distinguish the hypnotic state from waking consciousness.
C) Memory of childhood events is much more accurate under hypnosis than in the waking state.
D) The tendency to tell the truth is stronger under hypnosis than in the waking state.

Question 25

Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the overall relationship between hypnotic and normal waking states of consciousness?

A) Hypnotic and normal waking states are very different states of consciousness.
B) Hypnotic and normal waking states are actually very similar states of consciousness
C) The hypnotic state is basically an exaggerated or magnified version of normal waking consciousness.
D) Hypnotic and normal waking consciousness are different in some ways but similar in others.

Question 26

In meditation, the focus of attention may be a

A) word.
B) picture.
C) part of the body.
D) Any of these.

Question 27

The physiological effects of meditation are similar to those associated with a(n) _______ in _______nervous system activity.

A) increase; parasympathetic
B) increase; sympathetic
C) decrease; parasympathetic
D) none of these options

Question 28

Your text suggests that meditation may help people

A) gain psychological insight.
B) become more relaxed.
C) improve their physical health.
D) All of these.

Question 29

Despite their variety, altered states of consciousness generally involve a(n)

A) alteration in thought processes.
B) distorted sense of time.
C) loss of self-control.
D) All of these

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a psychoactive drug?

A) coffee
B) alcohol
C) both of these options
D) none of these options

Question 31

How do psychoactive drugs influence the action of neurotransmitters?

A) They can enhance the release of neurotransmitters.
B) They can mimic the effects of neurotransmitters.
C) They can delay the reuptake of neurotransmitters.
D) Any of these

Question 32

According to your text, why do many people use drugs?

A) The thrill of trying something new.
B) Peer pressure.
C) Drug use by role models.
D) All of these

Question 33

Caffeine may cause all of the following effects EXCEPT

A) reduction in attentiveness.
B) improved reaction time.
C) brighten one's mood.
D) All of these

Question 34

Gerri and Hal had several drinks at a party last night; she had three drinks, while he had four. Which of the two was binge drinking?

A) Hal
B) Gerri
C) Neither of them were binge drinking.
D) Both were binge drinking.

Question 35

Binge drinking is defined as a male having ______ or more drinks in one sitting or a female having more than _____ drinks in one sitting.

A) five; four
B) six; five
C) four; five
D) four; three

Question 36

Approximately what percentage of female college students report having been the target of an unwanted sexual advance by a drunk classmate?

A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 60%

Question 37

Alcoholism: nature or nurture?

A) Nature: specific genetic mechanisms have been isolated.
B) Nurture: it's the widespread availability of alcohol that's to blame.
C) Nurture: it's mostly the drinker's early home environment.
D) Nature and nurture: it's a complex interaction.

Question 38

Sedatives are primarily prescribed to

A) reduce stress.
B) induce sleep.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 39

The "date rape" drug is ________; it is a(n) _______.

A) rohypnol; barbiturate
B) rohypnol; narcotic
C) phenobarbital; barbiturate
D) phenobarbital; narcotic

Question 40

Which drug class is/are CORRECTLY matched with its description?

A) barbiturates-induce sleep; reduce stress; increase relaxation
B) narcotics-relieve pain; increase relaxation; relieve anxiety
C) hallucinogens-produce perceptual changes
D) All of these are correctly matched.

Question 41

Which of the following increases relaxation and relieves pain and anxiety?

A) stimulants
B) depressants
C) narcotics
D) hallucinogens

Question 42

Methadone

A) removes the physiological addiction to heroin.
B) is nonaddictive.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 43

Peripheral distortion or changes in the perceptual process are called

A) delusions.
B) hallucinations.
C) illusions.
D) None of these

Question 44

Consequences of long-term marijuana use include which of the following?

A) a decline in testosterone production
B) an impairment of immune system functioning
C) both of these options
D) none of these options

Question 45

The medical uses of marijuana include

A) mitigating the nausea associated with chemotherapy.
B) helping treat some AIDS symptoms.
C) relieving muscle spasms for people with spinal cord injuries.
D) All of these options.

Question 46

Circadian rhythms are influenced by

A) environmental factors
B) travelling across time zones
C) both of these options
D) none of these options

Question 47

Most people enter REM sleep every ____ minutes. This means that most people have about _____ REM periods per night.

A) 60; 3 to 4
B) 90; 4 to 5
C) 60; 4 to 5
D) 100; 3 to 4

Question 48

Which of the following significantly impact the amount of sleep that Canadians get?

A) working longer hours
B) looking after children
C) using electronics at night time
D) all of these options

Question 49

Research has shown that using electronics at bedtime is related to which of the following?

A) anxiety and depression
B) irritability and tiredness
C) sleep disturbances
D) all of these options

Question 50

Which of the following does NOT fall under the dysomnia category of sleep disturbances?

A) sleepwalking
B) insomnia
C) narcolepsy
D) sleep apnea

Question 51

Which of the following does NOT fall under the parasonmnia category of sleep disturbances?

A) nightmares
B) sleep apnea
C) sleepwalking
D) sleep talking

Question 52

Approximately how many Canadians have problems falling asleep?

A) 1.5 million
B) 2.4 million
C) 3.3 million
D) 3.6 million

Question 53

Mindfulness meditation has been shown to help with which of the following?

A) academic success
B) weight loss
C) getting up earlier
D) going to bed later

Question 54

Lisa needs increasingly more amounts of cocaine in order to achieve a high. What statement best describes Lisa?

A) She is going through withdrawal
B) She has developed a dependence for cocaine
C) She has developed a tolerance for cocaine
D) none of these options

Question 55

When people stop using a drug, they often go into a period of ________ in which their craving for thedrug may become irresistible.

A) tolerance
B) withdrawal
C) dependence
D) none of these options

Question 56

Energy drinks may cause which of the following?

A) anxiety and nervousness
B) upset stomach and insomnia
C) death
D) all of these options

Question 57

Mixing energy drinks with alcohol may lead to which of the following?

A) personal injury
B) driving while intoxicated
C) sexual assault
D) all of these options

Question 58

The idea that sleep is used to conserve energy when we are not out obtaining food is consistent with the___________ perspective.

Question 59

Cycling back and forth between wakefulness and sleep is an example of the body's ________.

Question 60

"Ommmm," Janeesa chants to focus her attention while meditating. Janeesa is using a(n) ________.

Question 61

__________ is used by more Canadians than any other drug.

Question 62

A disruption in our circadian rhythms can sometimes result in a form of seasonal depression, known as________.

Question 63

People with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) report feeling ________ with an increased appetite.

Question 64

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) controls the release of ________.

Question 65

Sleep disturbances that result in problems with the quality of sleep someone gets are known as________.

Question 66

Sleep disturbances that result in problems with abnormal disturbances while you sleep are known as________.

Question 67

Nightmares usually occur during ______ sleep.

Question 68

In ________ meditation, individuals try to be present in the moment while meditating by focusing ontheir breathing and ignoring any thoughts that may arise.

Question 69

Some energy drinks may contain up to _____ mg of caffeine, while an average cup of coffee containsabout 100-150mg.

Question 70

Health Canada suggests that people should consume no more than ____ 8.3 oz cans of energy drinks perday.

Question 71

The pursuit of altered states of consciousness appears to be nearly universal across cultures. Would this fact be of interest to an evolutionary psychologist? Why or why not? How might an evolutionary psychologist begin to approach the topic of altered states of consciousness? Provide as thoughtful a response as you can.

Question 72

Citing specific statistics, describe the prevalence of alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and alcohol-related problems among college students. Identify the factors that seem to relate to heavy drinking among college students.