Deck 7: Imagery and Knowledge Representation

Question 1

A best or most typical member of a category is called the:

A)prototype
B)basic-level
C)frame
D)script

Answer 1

prototype

Question 2

A frame and a script are both types of

A)formal concepts
B)natural concepts
C)schemas
D)templates

Answer 2

schemas

Question 3

Walking into a classroom and seeing the desks nailed to the wall violates a

A)university policy
B)classroom frame
C)classroom script
D)classroom production rule

Answer 3

classroom frame

Question 4

According to Pavio's dual code theory, mental images are based on

A)verbal codes
B)propositional codes
C)imaginal codes
D)abstract codes

Question 5

All red and square patterns are examples of the concept.Red, non-squares and blue squares are not examples.This illustrates a(n):

A)object concept
B)script
C)rule-governed concept
D)typicality effect

Question 6

Conrad found no difference in reaction time to verify "A fish can move." versus "An animal can move." This result disproves the

A)category size effect
B)cognitive economy assumption
C)typicality effect
D)predicate intersection assumption

Question 7

A set of synonyms for a noun in English is called a ______________ in WordNet.

A)frame
B)prototype
C)list of defining features
D)synset

Question 8

People can verify that a robin is a bird more quickly than they can verify that a turkey is a bird.This is called __________.

A)the bird effect
B)the category size effect
C)the linguistic relativity effect
D)the typicality effect

Question 9

In Stage 1 of Smith, Shoben, and Rip's feature comparison model of semantic memory, the feature lists of two nouns are compared in terms of their

A)defining features
B)typical features
C)characteristics features
D)defining and characteristic features

Question 10

Object concepts summarize all of the following characteristics except

A)the dimensions of variations among instances of a concept
B)the range of acceptable variation
C)the number of acceptable inferences
D)the central tendency or prototype

Question 11

Which of the following is an automatic process involved in schema acquisition or learning?

A)elaborative rehearsal
B)frequency counting
C)conservative focusing
D)hypothesis testing

Question 12

Suppose it takes less time to reject that "A book is a bird" than "A book is an animal." This illustrates

A)the typicality effect
B)the assumption of cognitive economy
C)the category size effect
D)imaginal code effect

Question 13

WordNet is based on which of the following approaches:

A)scripts
B)rule-governed concepts
C)semantic networks
D)feature lists

Question 14

Feature set models of semantic memory distinguish between

A)characteristic and typical features
B)defining and typical features
C)characteristic and defining features
D)criterial and defining features

Question 15

A mental image is not identical to a physical object, but it behaves as a physical object does in a mental rotation task.This implies the image has:

A)typicality effects
B)hierarchical effects
C)cognitive economy
D)analog properties

Question 16

Object concepts are characterized by:

A)fuzzy, ill-defined boundaries
B)hierachical organization
C)a gradient of category membership
D)all of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is a key difference between rule-governed and object concepts?

A)only rule-governed concepts have clear-cut boundaries
B)only object concepts have defining features
C)only rule-governed concepts have prototypes
D)only natural concepts have independent attributes

Question 18

Most American college students incorrectly assume that Philadelphia is further north than Rome.This is caused by

A)The rotation heuristic
B)The alignment heuristic
C)The means-end heuristic
D)The geographic heuristic

Question 19

Most American college students incorrectly assume that San Diego is further west than Reno.This is caused by

A)The rotation heuristic
B)The alignment heuristic
C)The means-end heuristic
D)The geographic heuristic

Question 20

The category size effect explained by the feature comparison model in terms of:

A)Stage 1 processing
B)Stage 2 processing
C)Stage 3 processing
D)none of the above; it is not predicted by the model.

Question 21

Walking into a restaurant, paying the bill, and then ordering food violates a

A)script
B)frame
C)rule-governed concept
D)cognitive economy

Question 22

Which of the following illustrates a semantic network used to represent the meanings of English words by linking each word to a set of synonyms?

A)WordNet
B)Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA)
C)TOEFL
D)Watson

Question 23

Chad and Julie are on a scavenger hunt.They are each told to find a piece of music.Chad grabs a sheet of classical piano music while Julie selects a Led Zepplin cassette tape.Both types of music share the same

A)family resemblance
B)conjunctive rule
C)ad hoc concept
D)rule-governed concept

Question 24

Ordering a meal, eating the meal, and paying for the meal is a common sequence in a restaurant.This sequence is represented by a restaurant ______________.

A)frame
B)meta-representation
C)script
D)imaginal code

Question 25

The ability to pretend depends on the development of:

A)a theory of mind
B)object concepts
C)imaginal codes
D)mental rotation

Question 26

Top down control of semantic memory is accomplished by the _____________________ cortex guiding retrieval of concepts stored in the ______________________ cortex.

A)posterior temporal...ventrolateral prefrontal
B)dorsolateral prefrontal...ventrolateral prefrontal
C)ventrolateral prefrontal...posterior temporal
D)dorsolateral prefrontal...posterior temporal

Question 27

Pretending begins:

A)at birth
B)around two years of age
C)around 6 years of age
D)around 18 years of age

Question 28

Theory-based properties of objects or ideas do not constrain our categorizations as well as surface properties.

Question 29

Propositional codes and imaginal codes differ in that:

A)propositions alone code objects
B)images alone are analogs of objects
C)propositions alone are perceptual representations
D)images alone are abstract representations

Question 30

Deciding that "an apple is a fruit" takes less time than deciding "a tomato is a fruit." This is called the

A)category size effect
B)global focusing strategy
C)typicality effect
D)restructuring effect

Question 31

A frame concerns ___________ whereas a script concerns _________.

A)events; properties
B)objects; events
C)images; propositions
D)propositions; deep structures

Question 32

Mindblindness refers to:

A)an inability to read the minds of other people
B)an inability to understand that others have minds
C)an inability to see with one's eyes closed
D)an inability to form mental images

Question 33

Rejecting that "all books are dogs" takes less time than rejecting "all books are animals." This is called the

A)typicality effect
B)conjunctive rule effect
C)category size effect
D)canine effect

Question 34

A mental representation of another mental representation is called a:

A)meta-representation
B)prototype
C)script
D)family resemblance structure

Question 35

Assume that verifying the statement "a parrot can talk" takes less time than "a parrot has skin." This difference is consistent with

A) accretion
B) the typicality effect
C)category size effect
D)the cognitive economy assumption

Question 36

Which of the following is not a problem with the cognitive economy assumption theory?

A)verifying that a pig is a mammal takes longer than verifying that it is an animal
B)verifying that an insect, an ostrich, and a bird all move takes the same amount of time
C)verifying that an animal has skin takes less time than verifying a bird has skin
D)verifying that a guitar can be played is verified just as quickly as verifying that an instrument can be played

Question 37

A proposition is

A)the smallest unit of meaning that one can comprehend
B)the smallest unit of knowledge that one can judge is true or false
C)the smallest unit of sound that is perceivable to the human ear
D)the smallest image that represents a certain object

Question 38

Regions in the __________________lobe of the brain are associated with representations of specific semantic categories.

A)occipital
B)temporal
C)parietal
D)frontal

Question 39

Robins have wings; blue birds have wings; therefore, all birds have wings.This is a strong inductive argument because:

A)blue birds are prototypes
B)robins and blue birds share many features in common
C)birds is a superordinate category
D)birds is a rule-governed concept

Question 40

Frames are schemas that represent routine activities.

Question 41

Less storage space in the brain is needed under the cognitive economy assumption.

Question 42

Mental rotation requires the use of propositional codes.

Question 43

Write a script this activity: going to the swimming pool on a July afternoon.

Question 44

Pretending requires the development of meta-representations.

Question 45

Draw a network illustrating the assumption of cognitive economy using the natural concept of vehicles.

Question 46

A defining feature of cows is that they are white with black splotches.

Question 47

A characteristic feature of clowns is that they have big, red noses and red curly hair.

Question 48

The functional equivalence hypothesis asserts that imagery is analogous to perception.

Question 49

A proposition is coded as a relation and set of arguments.

Question 50

The mental rotation experiments support the theory that images act as analogs of real objects.