Deck 4: Psychology: Understanding Learning and Development

Question 1

______________ focuses on designing programs that promote the intellectual, social, and emotional development of children, including those with special needs.

A)school psychology
B)educational psychology
C)personality psychology
D)developmental psychology

Answer 1

school psychology

Question 2

Once a researcher has identified a question or issue to be investigated, it must be posed in the form of a _____________ that can be tested empirically.

A)problem
B)methodology
C)theory
D)hypothesis

Answer 2

hypothesis

Question 3

Naturalistic observation, surveys, case studies, and correlational studies are commonly used ______________ methods.

A)descriptive
B)experimental
C)operational
D)quantitative

Answer 3

descriptive

Question 4

A tentative explanation that tries to account for the diverse findings on the same topic is called a ______________ or a model.

A)problem
B)method
C)theory
D)hypothesis

Question 5

Factors that can change or vary and are capable of being observed, measured, and verified are called ____________.

A)statistics
B)variables
C)theory
D)hypothesis

Question 6

_________________ is a statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends.

A)correlation
B)regression
C)meta-analysis
D)content-analysis

Question 7

Even experiments conducted in natural settings have disadvantages, such as a ___________ in experimental control.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)difference
D)varying

Question 8

_________________ is an experimental technique in which the researchers, but not the subjects, are aware of the critical information about the experiment.

A)single-blind
B)double-blind
C)ethnography
D)field study

Question 9

The ________________ variable in an experiment is purposely manipulated in order to effect a change in other variable.

A)dependent
B)independent
C)extraneous
D)control

Question 10

_____________ is an intensive, in-depth investigation of an individual and can involve compiling data from a wide variety of different sources.

A)observation
B)survey
C)case-study
D)questionnaire

Question 11

________________ involves the presentation or addition of a reinforcing stimulus following an operant.

A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)continuous reinforcement
D)partial reinforcement

Question 12

________________ refers to the presentation of an event or stimulus following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)punishment
D)partial reinforcement

Question 13

_________________ is the operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.

A)modeling
B)shaping
C)sublimation
D)reinforcing

Question 14

_________________ is Skinner's term for an actively emitted behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.

A)classical
B)reinforce
C)operant
D)punishment

Question 15

A ________________ reinforcer is a stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities.

A)positive
B)negative
C)primary
D)secondary

Question 16

___________________ refers to gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior when it is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

A)extinction
B)negative reinforcement
C)partial reinforcement
D)punishment

Question 17

________________ is the basic learning process that involves changing the probability of a response being repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response.

A)classical conditioning
B)defense mechanism
C)operant conditioning
D)punishment

Question 18

Learning that is not reflected in actual performance is called _______________ learning.

A)cognitive
B)observational
C)latent
D)operant

Question 19

___________________ is an American psychologist who experimentally investigated observational learning, emphasizing the role of cognitive factors.

A)ivan pavlov b.
B)f.skinner c. edward .
C)tolman
D)albert bandura

Question 20

__________________ is an American psychologist who experimentally demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in classical conditioning.

A)robert .a. rescorla b.
B)f.skinner c. edward .
C)tolman
D)albert bandura

Question 21

_____________ is the tendency of an animal to revert to its instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.

A)aversion
B)instinctive drift
C)latent learning
D)law of effect