Question 1

An example of a brain reflex that CANNOT be influenced by thoughts or emotions is the _______.&#10;A)a prompt to enter one's password at an ATM&#10;B)the light at an intersection turning red&#10;C)a child reaching out to be picked up&#10;D)pinprick of an immunization needle

Accepted Answer

An example of a brain reflex that cannot be influenced by thoughts or emotions is the pinprick of an immunization needle.
Key Takeaway: Brain reflexes that are not influenced by thoughts or emotions are those that are perceived, processed, and communicated to the brain without a need for a thought or an emotion. If pricked by a needle or burned by a hot surface, skin receptors send signals to the brain through the spinal cord and the body part involved is immediately withdrawn.

Question 2

_________ is referred to the 'stress hormone' and is an essential regulator of a number of physiological processes.&#10;A)cortisol&#10;B)ACTH&#10;C)growth hormone&#10;D)oxytocin

Accepted Answer

Cortisol is referred to the 'stress hormone' and is an essential regulator of a number of physiological processes.
Key Takeaway: The hypothalamic pituitary axis is endocrine system that is responsible for the release of a number of hormones. Cortisol is the stress hormone released by the adrenal glands (which sit on top of the kidneys). Cortisol regulates a number of essential physiological processes such as sugar metabolism, blood pressure, bone metabolism, and the immune system.

Question 3

Erik Erikson's adolescent stage of psychosocial development is referred to as _________.&#10;A)identity vs. role confusion&#10;B)industry vs. inferiority&#10;C)trust vs. mistrust&#10;D)initiative vs. guilt

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's adolescent stage of psychosocial development is referred to identity vs. role confusion.
Key Takeaway: Erik Erikson's identity vs. role confusion marks the psychosocial development of humans. During this stage, the adolescent asks himself or herself: "who am I and where am I going?". This self-exploration lets the adolescent ponder the type of roles that are possible in adulthood such as friend, spouse, parent, and professional. If they successfully navigate this stage, adolescents can develop a stable sense of identity that guides their multiple roles in adult lives.

Question 4

The American Psychologist who pioneered the idiographic and nomothetic views of studying human personality is __________.&#10;A)Sigmund Freud&#10;B)Meyer Friedman&#10;C)Gordon Allport&#10;D)Alfred Adler

Accepted Answer

The American Psychologist who pioneered the idiographic and nomothetic views of studying human personality is Gordon Allport.
Key Takeaway: Gordon Allport was one of the earliest psychologists in America who undertook a rigorous and structured approach to studying personality. He identified the idiographic and nomothetic views to personality study in 1937 with a goal of differentiating between common traits and those that are unique to individuals.

Question 5

George Kelly' theory of personality is referred to as __________.&#10;A)Keirsey Temperament Sorter&#10;B)Positron Emission Tomography&#10;C)Personal Construct Psychology&#10;D)Personality Cognitive Psychology

Accepted Answer

George Kelly's theory of personality is referred to as Personal Construct Psychology.
Key Takeaway: George Kelly's Personal Construct Psychology (or PCP) that has been the bases for psychotherapy approaches. PCP explores aspects of the personality structure such as individuality, sociality and fragmentation. Kelly believed that we all build constructs about the outside world in our mind. These constructs (such as success and failure, love and hate) help us understand the world around us and guide our behavior accordingly.

Question 6

In the early 20th century, psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler developed the term 'schizophrenia' to describe mental conditions whereby____________.&#10;A)people develop multiple distinct personalities&#10;B)people develop extreme phobias to familiar objects&#10;C)people escape anxious feelings by engaging in reckless behavior&#10;D)people escape painful events by deliberately forgetting them

Accepted Answer

In the early 20th century, psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler developed the term 'schizophrenia' to describe mental conditions whereby people escape painful events by deliberately forgetting them.
Key Takeaway: The term 'schizophrenia' was developed to describe mental conditions where people push traumatic events out of their minds. Bleuler was interested in showing that this new mental condition is different from dementia as it was believed at that.

Question 7

When conducting operant learning, an individual will likely go back to instinctive behavior which is an example of _______________________.&#10;A)stubbornness&#10;B)instinctive hallucination&#10;C)instinctive drift&#10;D)instinctive pigheadedness

Accepted Answer

When conducting operant learning, an individual will likely go back to instinctive behavior which is an example of instinctive drift.
Key Takeaway: Instinctive drift is when an organism just goes back to doing things the way their instinct tells them to. If you teach a rat to salivate at the sound of a bell using classical conditioning, it is only a matter of time when instinctive drift interferes with the learning. The rat then goes back to salivating in response to the smell of its food because of instinct. Instinct is a powerful motivator and it is important in the survival of an organism, This makes it much more lasting than any response that is taught.

Question 8

People experience Cognitive Dissonance because they ________.&#10;A)want their attitudes and beliefs to be different from each other&#10;B)need their attitudes and beliefs to match their church pastor&#10;C)want their attitudes and beliefs to be consistent&#10;D)need their attitudes and beliefs to be diametrically opposed

Accepted Answer

People experience Cognitive Dissonance because they want their attitudes and beliefs to be consistent .
Key Takeaway: Cognitive dissonance is mental tension that happens when a person holds two or more attitudes and/or beliefs that are different. For example, a woman may identify as prochoice and yet be opposed to abortion. When a person holds these two beliefs that are opposed, they experience mental tension that is uncomfortable as they want their beliefs to be consistent.

Question 9

In 1972, Paul Ekman and his team devised a list of ________ universal emotions that appear on the face based on cross-cultural studies.&#10;A)5&#10;B)8&#10;C)4&#10;D)6

Accepted Answer

In 1972, Paul Ekman and his team devised a list of 6 universal emotions that appear on the face based on cross-cultural studies.
Key Takeaway: Paul Ekman's research on universal emotions that appear on the face included: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. These results were based on cross-cultural studies that were collected from a number of countries around the world. People in these countries were shown pictures with facial expressions that represented one of the six universal emotions. These emotions were found to be recognized globally by people even in isolated tribes in a country such as Papua New Guinea.

Question 10

_________________ is the psychologist who pioneered attachment theory.&#10;A)Mary Ainsworth&#10;B)John Bowlby&#10;C)Anna Freud&#10;D)Abraham Maslow

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby is the psychologist who pioneered attachment theory.
Key Takeaway: John Bowlby was the mind behind attachment theory. To develop the theory, he used knowledge from a number of fields (evolutionary biology, ethology, developmental psychology, and cognitive science). Bowlby's work would put a light on the importance of forming healthy bonds with infants and children for them to become well-functioning adults.

Deck 36: (AP) Psychology: College-Level Examination Program Cleppsychology