Deck 11: Brain Function and Neurotransmitters

Question 1

_________________ carry information away from the cell body.

A)Cells
B)Neurons
C)Axons
D)Dendrites

Answer 1

Axons

Question 2

In many neurons the axon is covered by a sheath of fatty material known as _____________.

A)Myelin
B)Neurons
C)Glial cells
D)Vesicles

Answer 2

Myelin

Question 3

_______________ help form a barrier that prevents certain substances in the bloodstream from reaching the brain.

A)Axons
B)Dendrites
C)Glial cells
D)Cell body

Answer 3

Glial cells

Question 4

Speeds along myelinated axons can reach ____________ miles per hour.

A)280
B)270
C)260
D)250

Question 5

Stimulation, either directly or by chemical messages from other neurons, produces ___________________, a basic type of signal within neurons.

A)Spinal reflexes
B)Graded potentials
C)Action potentials
D)Resting potentials

Question 6

Damage to the ___________________ surrounding axons can seriously affect synaptic transmission.

A)Glial cell
B)Endocrine
C)Nodes of Ranvier
D)Myelin sheath

Question 7

In diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), progressive deterioration of the _______________ leads to jerky, uncoordinated movements in the affected person.

A)Myelin sheath
B)Neurotransmitter
C)Nodes of Ranvier
D)Synapse

Question 8

The best-known imaging technique, and the first one developed for wide spread use, is an x-ray scanning procedure called ________________.

A)MRI scan
B)PET
C)CT scan
D)functional MRI

Question 9

The pseudoscience associated with the study of the skull and personality became known as ___________.

A)Neuroscience
B)Neuropsychology
C)Bioscience
D)Phrenology

Question 10

The __________ of an organism is the full sequence of genes found on the chromosomes with the associated DNA.

A)X chromosome
B)Y chromosome
C)Genome
D)Genetics

Question 11

Researchers in the field of human behavior genetics unite __________ and psychology to explore the causal link between inheritance and behavior.

A)Chromosome
B)Behavior
C)Genome
D)Genetics

Question 12

Researchers in the field of __________________ provide evolutionary explanations for the social behavior and social systems of humans and other animal species.

A)Sociobiology
B)Evolutionary psychology
C)Phrenology
D)Anthropology

Question 13

The reticular formation has long tracts of fibers that run to the ____________, which channels incoming sensory information to the appropriate area of the cerebral cortex, where that information is processed.

A)Hypothalamus
B)Pons
C)Medulla
D)Thalamus

Question 14

The __________, which is the largest of the limbic system structures, plays an important role in the acquisition of memories.

A)Hippocampus
B)Thalamus
C)Amygdala
D)Pons

Question 15

The area where the axon connects to the soma is ______________.

A)Axon hillock
B)Terminal buttons
C)Myelin sheath
D)Nodes of Ranvier

Question 16

When the ___________________is too large to be jumped by the neural impulse, the signal/information must be passed using chemicals as neurotransmitters instead of electrical currents.

A)Spinal reflex
B)Presynaptic
C)Action potential
D)Synaptic cleft

Question 17

______________ is the DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

A)Chromosome
B)Genotype
C)Phenotype
D)Gene

Question 18

_______________ is the expression of your genetic makeup (eye color, height, hair color, etc).

A)Chromosome
B)Genotype
C)Phenotype
D)Gene

Question 19

_____________ are the thread-like strands of DNA molecules that form the DNA segments.

A)Chromosomes
B)Genotypes
C)Phenotypes
D)Genes

Question 20

In the brain and spinal cord, areas that are mostly axons are called ___________ which is possible to differentiate pathways or tracts of these axons.

A)White matter
B)Gray matter
C)Ganglia
D)Nerve

Question 21

Areas that include large number of cell bodies are called __________________.

A)White matter
B)Gray matter
C)Ganglia
D)Nerve

Question 22

When the action potential reaches the axon ending, it causes tiny bubbles of chemicals called ____________________ to release their contents into the synaptic gap.

A)Spinal reflex
B)Presynaptic
C)Synaptic vesicles
D)Synaptic cleft

Question 23

The surface of the axon contains hundreds of thousands of miniscule mechanisms called _______________.

A)Synapses
B)Ion channels
C)Synaptic gaps
D)Postsynaptics

Question 24

The actions of the body's voluntary muscles are controlled by the ______________, located just in front of the central sulcus in the frontal lobes.

A)Somatosensory cortex
B)Motor cortex
C)Cerebral cortex
D)Amygdala

Question 25

The hypothalamus maintains the body's internal equilibrium, or ____________.

A)Plasticity
B)Excitatory
C)Homeostasis
D)Resonance

Question 26

The production of new brain cells from naturally occurring stem cells are called ______________.

A)Agenesis
B)Neurogenesis
C)Plastic surgery
D)Brain imaging

Question 27

________________ are unspecialized cells that, under appropriate conditions, can be prompted to function as new neurons.

A)Ganglion
B)Genome
C)Stem cells
D)Nerve cells

Question 28

Researchers refer to changes in the performance of the brain as _____________.

A)Plasticity
B)Excitatory
C)Spontaneity
D)Resonance

Question 29

The ___________________ is often called the master gland.

A)Thyroid gland
B)Pituitary gland
C)Adrenal gland
D)Pancreas

Question 30

In females, a pituitary hormone stimulates production of _____________, which is essential to the hormonal chain reaction that triggers the release of ova from a woman's ovaries, making her fertile.

A)Androgen
B)Testosterone
C)Progesterone
D)Estrogen

Question 31

______________ initiate, maintain and stop development of secondary sexual characteristics, influence levels of arousal and awareness, serve as the basis for mood changes, and regulate metabolism.

A)Genomes
B)DNA
C)Endocrine
D)Hormones

Question 32

The ______________ tends to be more analytical; processes information bit by bit.

A)Right hemisphere
B)Left hemisphere
C)Occipital lobe
D)Temporal lobe

Question 33

The _______________ tends to be more holistic; processes information with respect to global patterns.

A)Right hemisphere
B)Left hemisphere
C)Occipital lobe
D)Temporal lobe

Question 34

One groove called the _____________, divides each hemisphere vertically.

A)Cortex
B)Lateral fissure
C)Central sulcus
D)Brain stem

Question 35

One groove called the _____________, divides each hemisphere horizontally.

A)Cortex
B)Lateral fissure
C)Central sulcus
D)Brain stem

Question 36

In humans, the _________________ dwarfs the rest of the brain, occupying two thirds of its total mass.

A)Hypothalamus
B)Medulla
C)Cerebrum
D)Thalamus

Question 37

Damage to some areas of the ________________also impairs the ability to recognize the emotional content of facial expressions.

A)Hippocampus
B)Amygdala
C)Pons
D)Cerebrum

Question 38

When the body temperature drops, the _________________ causes blood-vessel constriction or minute involuntary movements, commonly refer to as the "shivers".

A)Hippocampus
B)Amygdala
C)Hypothalamus
D)Thalamus

Question 39

The ________________ is the largest of the limbic system structures, plays an important role in the acquisition of memories.

A)Hippocampus
B)Amygdala
C)Hypothalamus
D)Thalamus

Question 40

The _________is a dense network of nerve cells that serves as the brain's sentinel.

A)Medulla
B)Association area
C)Reticular formation
D)Limbic system

Question 41

The ____ contains structures that collectively regulate the internal state of the body.

A)Stem cells
B)Brain stem
C)Endocrine system
D)Limbic system

Question 42

___________________ has pioneered the use of electrical stimulation to probe structures deep in the brain.

A)Walter Hess
B)Broca
C)Wernicke
D)Roger Sperry

Question 43

A ____________ is any substance that modifies or modulates the activities of the postsynaptic neuron.

A)Neurotransmitter
B)Neuromodulator
C)Acetylcholine
D)Serotonin

Question 44

_______________often found in food that has been preserved incorrectly, poisons an individual by preventing release of acetylcholine in the respiratory system.

A)Botulinum toxin
B)Curare
C)Xanax
D)Prozac

Question 45

________________ is an antidepressanr drug that enhances the action of serotonin by preventing it from being removed from the synaptic cleft.

A)Valium
B)Curare
C)Xanax
D)Prozac

Question 46

Anxiety disorders are often treated with benzodiazepine drugs, such as ______________, that increase GABA activity.

A)Valium
B)Curare
C)Xanax
D)Prozac

Question 47

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating disorder caused by deterioration of the ________________.

A)Nodes of Ranvier
B)Ganglia
C)Substantianiagra
D)Myelin sheath

Question 48

During the ______________, the neuron will fire only in response to a stimulus stronger than what is ordinarily necessary.

A)Absolute refractory period
B)Relative refractory period
C)Depolarization
D)Excitatory period

Question 49

To complete synaptic transmission, the neurotransmitters attach to receptor molecules embedded in the __________________ .

A)Presynaptic membrane
B)Postsynaptic membrane
C)Cell membrane
D)Synaptic vesicles

Question 50

An action potential begins when the excitatory inputs are sufficiently strong with respect to inhibitory inputs to depolarize the cell from ______________ millivolts.

A)-70 to -60
B)-75 to -65
C)-70 to -55
D)-75 to -60