Deck 3: Development Neuro

Question 1

Lawrence Kohlberg's stage theory is an adaptation of Piaget's psychological theory. Kohlberg discusses six stages of moral development. At what stage is a person entirely guided by his or her own conscience, according to Kohlberg's theory?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 5
D)Stage 6

Answer 1

Stage 6

Question 2

In Piaget's 3-stage moral development theory, heteronymous morality is characterized by which of the following:

A)Viewing rules as unchanging and unchangeable
B)Awareness that rules can be changed
C)Awareness that rules can be modified by agreement
D)None of the above

Answer 2

Viewing rules as unchanging and unchangeable

Question 3

There are four distinct stages of sleep. Sleepwalking or Somniloquy takes place during which stage of sleep?

A)Stage N1
B)Stage N2
C)Stage N3
D)None of the above

Answer 3

Stage N3

Question 4

There are short, thin fibers protruding from neurons that are responsible for receiving impulses and transmitting them into the cell body. Those are known as:

A)The myelin sheath
B)Axons
C)Dendrites
D)Neuron fibers

Question 5

Which type of neuron is responsible for carrying information from the central nervous system to glands and muscles?

A)Motor neurons
B)CNS neurons
C)Dendrite neurons
D)Sensory neurons

Question 6

Research into potential negative effects of maternal employment and daycare on children has concluded which of the following?

A)High quality daycare may negatively impact children.
B)High quality daycare may be less detrimental to boys than to girls.
C)High quality daycare may have a positive effect on children's development of social skills.
D)Maternal employment can lead to gender stereotyping.

Question 7

Divorce is thought to be potentially detrimental to childhood development. Based on studies and common conclusions, which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the effect of divorce on development?

A)Girls experience more internalizing behaviors and sleeper effects.
B)Boys experience fewer short- and long-term consequences than girls.
C)Preschool-age children experience the worst short-term effects.
D)Living with the same sex parent after divorce is usually better.

Question 8

Piaget's model of childhood development identifies four stages of cognitive development that individuals move through as they grow up. Which of those stages is defined by the ability to retain mental representations of things when they are not physically present?

A)Preoperational stage
B)Sensorimotor stage
C)Formal operations stage
D)Concrete operational stage

Question 9

James Marcia's theory of identity achievement claims that there are two distinct parts to adolescent identity development: time of choosing (or crisis) and commitment. He proposed four identity statuses of psychological identity development based on this theory. Which of those statuses refers to someone who is in the midst of a crisis but has not made commitments?

A)Identity diffusion
B)Identity foreclosure
C)Identity moratorium
D)identity achievement

Question 10

The separation-individuation theory of childhood development, proposed by Mahler, delineates a few main phases and several overlapping sub-phases that occur in children between birth and two or more years of age. Which main phase does the sub-phase rapprochement occur during?

A)Normal symbiotic phase
B)Normal autistic phase
C)Separation-individuation phase
D)Normal hatching phase

Question 11

Which idea is the Montessori method of education primarily based on?

A)Spontaneous self-development
B)Directed learning processes
C)Homeschool-style learning
D)Collaborative learning

Question 12

There are different types of memory that are responsible for retaining information over varying lengths of time. Which type of memory is responsible for being able to recall names of childhood experiences and the names of family members?

A)Working memory
B)Long-term memory
C)Childhood memory
D)Sensory memory

Question 13

The limbic system is part of the central nervous system. Which of the following is a feature or function of the limbic system?

A)It is involved in regulation of emotion and motivation.
B)It is part of the forebrain.
C)It is part of the midbrain.
D)It plays a role in memory formation.

Question 14

It was once thought that brain structure was entirely determined by genetics; that after childhood development, brain structure and function was permanently set. Now it is recognized that brains adapt to changing environmental circumstances. This process is known as:

A)Brain adaptivity
B)Neuroplasticity
C)Synapse development
D)Learning response

Question 15

There are windows of learning during which it is easiest for people to acquire or refine particular abilities. For example, it is commonly accepted that children learn more readily than adults. One of the keys windows of learning is:

A)Frequency
B)Myelination
C)Conditioning
D)Plasticity

Question 16

Developmental psychology includes the study of maturation, which includes the development of physical processes and resultant changes in behavior. Which of the following is NOT an example of maturation?

A)Language skills
B)Motor skills
C)Mathematical abilities
D)Social behaviors

Question 17

Developmental psychology includes the study of maturation, which includes the development of physical processes and resultant changes in behavior. Which of the following statements is true of the connection between maturation and skill acquisition?

A)Maturation results in readiness for learning skills; if readiness is not reached, certain skills cannot be learned
B)Skill acquisition is a result of maturation
C)Some people do not experience maturation, and therefore cannot learn new skills
D)Skill acquisition is easiest before readiness through maturation is reached

Question 18

One critic of Arthur Jensen's claim that eighty percent of intelligence is determined by heredity questioned his use of one type of study. Which of the following studies did Urie Bronfenbrenner claim were excessively used in Jensen's research?

A)Twin studies with controlled variables
B)Twin studies with uncontrolled variables
C)Twin studies with biased information
D)Quantitative research on siblings

Question 19

Sherman and Key studied the intellectual abilities of children living in isolated villages and noted that they had inferior intellects when compared with children living in more populated areas. What conclusion did they draw from this?

A)Children develop intelligence in response to environmental demand.
B)Children in isolated social groups do not develop as much intelligence as those in larger social groups.
C)Children develop intelligence based on factors unrelated to location.
D)Children of lower socioeconomic status are less intelligent.

Question 20

David Krech studied the relationship between environment and intelligence by experimenting with rats in specifically-constructed environments. Which of the following is NOT one of his research conclusions?

A)Rearing in an enriched environment results in higher intelligence.
B)Rearing in an impoverished environment results in lower intelligence.
C)Rearing in a specific environment may affect intelligence level, but changing environments will also affect intelligence level.
D)Rearing in an enriched environment affects brain composition.

Question 21

Rett's disorder, a pattern of developmental regression that results in permanent behavioral and communicative problems, becomes apparent in childhood. How long after birth is development typically normal before signs of the disorder manifest?

A)Four months
B)Four years
C)Six months
D)Three years

Question 22

Neuropsychological testing is used to determine neurological function, screen for various disorders, or assess brain damage. Which of the following neuropsychology tests is used to screen for brain damage and developmental disorders and has high validity?

A)Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
B)Boston Diagnostic Examination
C)Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test
D)Hayling and Brixton Tests

Question 23

Developmental psychologists have proposed two kinds of change: qualitative and quantitative. Proponents of quantitative change believe that development is gradual and continuous. Which of the following psychologists adheres to this belief?

A)Piaget
B)Case
C)Kohlberg
D)Erikson

Question 24

Conrad Lorenz discovered, in his work with birds, that ducklings that imprinted on him between 12 and 17 hours after birth continued to follow him even when other ducks became available to them. What does this phenomenon refer to?

A)Non-normative development
B)Environment-influenced development
C)Critical periods
D)Sensitive periods

Question 25

Brain development is rapid during childhood. At what age is it believed that a brain has lateral functioning and sensory integration?

A)5-6
B)4-5
C)7-8
D)9-10

Question 26

Language development theories focus on either nature or nurture mechanisms of learning language. What concept is described by the idea that children are born with an innate ability and need only exposure to adult language to develop speech?

A)Language acquisition device
B)Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
C)Interactionist view
D)Phonological view

Question 27

A common language-related disorder, dyslexia, expresses itself in different types. Which type of dyslexia does someone who reads the word "slap" as "slit" or "sleep" most likely have?

A)Deep dyslexia
B)Neglect
C)Surface dyslexia
D)Phonological dyslexia

Question 28

A common language-related disorder, dyslexia, expresses itself in different types. What type of dyslexia does someone who sounds words out instead of recognizing them have?

A)Deep dyslexia
B)Phonological dyslexia
C)Surface dyslexia
D)Neglect

Question 29

Piaget's model of childhood development identifies four stages of cognitive development that individuals move through as they grow up. Which of those stages involves animistic thinking-giving inanimate objects psychological attributes?

A)Preoperational stage
B)Sensorimotor stage
C)Conservation stage
D)Formal operational stage

Question 30

One psychologist posited that social interaction was necessary for cognitive development-that all cognitive functions begin in relationships with others and are later internalized by children. Who proposed this theory?

A)Piaget
B)Vgotsky
C)Chomsky
D)Pascual-Leone

Question 31

Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory of moral development for excessive focus on male values. She suggested an alternative model of moral development. Which of the following ideas is not outlined in that model?

A)Orientation of individual survival
B)Morality of nonviolence
C)Goodness as self-sacrifice
D)Ethics of justice

Question 32

Mary Ainsworth studied the attachment relationship between infants and caregivers and identified three levels of attachment. Which of the following is not one of the types of attachment identified by Ainsworth?

A)Secure attachment
B)Disorganized attachment
C)Avoidant attachment
D)Ambivalent attachment

Question 33

Diana Baumrind studied socialization in the context of the parent-child relationship, and identified three parenting patterns. Which of the following is NOT one of those patterns?

A)Authoritarian
B)Authoritative
C)Permissive
D)Avoidant

Question 34

There are four main theories of gender role development. A girl who plays with dolls because she has observed other girls doing so and has received positive reinforcement for doing so is a reflection of which theory?

A)Gender-schema theory
B)Psychoanalytic theory
C)Social-learning theory
D)Cognitive-developmental theory

Question 35

Research on delinquency and aggression in children and teenagers points to one major source of these social problems. Patterson's coercion model of aggression presents three steps that lead to delinquency. What is the first step of this model?

A)Observing coercive behavior in parents
B)Observing coercive behavior of peers
C)Peer rejection due to conduct problems
D)Observing coercive behavior on television

Question 36

James Marcia's theory of identity achievement claims that there are two distinct parts to adolescent identity development: time of choosing or crisis and commitment. He proposed four identity statuses based on this theory. A teenager who has committed to a goal without exploring alternatives is in which state?

A)Identity achievement
B)Identity diffusion
C)Foreclosure
D)Moratorium

Question 37

Emotional expression in children develops gradually after birth. A one-year-old who becomes excited when her mother is excited is demonstrating which of the following?

A)Mirroring
B)Social referencing
C)Easy temperament
D)Empathy

Question 38

Developmental psychopathology looks at risk and protective factors during childhood and adolescence that can lead to illness. Garmezy published early research on protective factors, such as supportive family environment. Which of the following terms is defined by his ideas?

A)Resilience
B)Stable environment
C)Emotional strength
D)Interpersonal protection

Question 39

What neuropsychological occurrence or disorder is characterized by purposeless movements or short losses of time (a few seconds)?

A)Partial seizures
B)Petit mal seizures
C)Dissociative episodes
D)Apraxia

Question 40

Karen Horney, a neo-Freudian, investigated the effects of poor parenting on children. She referred to a form of anxiety that children feel in response to the knowledge that they are both dependent on and hostile towards one or both parents. What did she call this anxiety?

A)Acute anxiety
B)Parental anxiety
C)Juvenile anxiety
D)Basic anxiety

Question 41

Which of the following statements about the relationship between neurobiological mechanisms and child behavior is most accurate?

A)Very little is known about the relationship between neurobiological mechanisms and childhood behavior.
B)Neurobiological mechanisms can play a causative role in childhood behavior, but not vice versa.
C)Childhood behavior can play a causative role in the creation of neurobiological mechanisms, but not vice versa.
D)Neurological mechanisms not only influence childhood behavior, but the child's behavior in turn influences how neurological mechanisms affect future behavior.

Question 42

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the contribution of neurobiological research to psychology?

A)This relatively new area of study is completely uncharted territory for most psychologists.
B)Research into the neurobiological factors influencing children's behavior is primarily confined to a few universities with faculty specializing in this particular area.
C)Research into the neurobiological influence on children's behavior has become national in scope, but has not caught on outside the United States.
D)Research into neurobiological influence on children's behavior is international in scope.

Question 43

At what point in a person's life is the number of synaptic connections in the brain greatest?

A)Prenatal stage
B)Infancy
C)Childhood
D)Adulthood

Question 44

Disturbances in the synaptic pruning process have been linked to the development of what behavior disorder in adolescence?

A)Schizophrenia
B)Anxiety
C)Depression
D)ADHD

Question 45

Genetics appears to be a particular significant factor in explaining variations in which of the following components of brain structure?

A)Brain volume
B)Brain asymmetry
C)Gyral patterns
D)Quality of frontal gray matter

Question 46

The surplus synapses in the brain of a very young child make that child's brain especially susceptible to what kinds of influences?

A)Genetic factors
B)Internal stimuli
C)External stimuli
D)Adequacy of nutrition

Question 47

People in and out of the psychology profession have been engaging in the nature vs. nurture debate pertaining to child development for ages. What answers, if any, can the recent research by neuroscientists offer on this topic?

A)While the role of environment can never be excluded, the predominant determinants of a child's behavior are genetic.
B)While the role of genetic factors can never be completely excluded, children's behavior is primarily influenced by their environment.
C)Since neurobiology is just in its infancy, no definitive answer can be given as yet as to which of the two factors is more important, but further research in this area seems promising.
D)Genetic and environmental factors intertwine in complex ways to make each child's personality and behavior what it is.

Question 48

Only one of the following statements about babies and young children's brains is accurate. Which is the one correct statement of the four?

A)No learning takes place in the womb; the brain of a newborn baby is a blank slate.
B)The more synapses a child has, the better that child will be able to learn.
C)Little children interact naturally with the world around them, so not trying to enrich that environment as much as possible is the best way to facilitate healthy development.
D)In fostering a child's learning and development, there is no such thing as too much brain stimulation.

Question 49

What is the last section of the brain to mature?

A)Brain stem
B)Prefrontal cortex
C)Cerebellum
D)Parietal and temporal lobe

Question 50

Low levels of what important neurotransmitter plays a key role in the development of both aggressive behavior and depression in children?

A)Serotonin
B)Dopamine
C)Epinephrine
D)Norepinephrine

Question 51

What have recent research studies been able to tell us about the neurobiological link to childhood autism?

A)There is no significant relationship between the rate of growth in the womb and the probability of developing autism.
B)Babies whose fetal growth is very slow (i.e., premature babies with low birth weights) are at higher risk for autism than both normal size and markedly oversize babies.
C)The risk for developing autism as related to baby birth weight is substantially increased for both extremes of the baby weight continuum.
D)The significant relationship between low baby birth weight and the likelihood of the child's developing autism is only found in children who have a low birth weight because their mothers were taking drugs or alcohol during their pregnancy.

Question 52

What do structural image studies show about the brains of children with ADHD?

A)They are significantly smaller than the brains of other children.
B)They are significantly larger than the brains of other children.
C)There are no significant differences in the brains of children with and without ADHD.
D)They are very different from the brains of autistic children.

Question 53

Over-activity in what part of the brain has been linked to children's anxiety disorders?

A)Hippocampus
B)Amygdala
C)Frontal lobe
D)Cerebellum

Question 54

Recently conducted neurological studies have indicated that early childhood abuse and neglect can adversely affect the brain's structure, chemistry, and functioning in what way?

A)Brain wave abnormalities
B)Lower serotonin levels
C)Exaggerated perception of danger
D)All of the above