Deck 2: Understanding Human Sexuality: Theory and Research

Question 1

Which theory emphasizes the structure of the personality on the unconscious nature of sexuality?

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Behavioral
C) Social Learning
D) Queer

Answer 1

A

Question 2

All of the following are criticisms of Freud's theory EXCEPT:

A) The unconscious is extremely difficult to study.
B) The theory is unscientific.
C) Freud studies mainly "sick" people.
D) He relied on correlational methods.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What statement best fits with feminist theory?

A) The social construction of sexuality is based on power.
B) Women are no longer seen as subordinate and submissive in our culture.
C) Sexuality is governed by biological gender differences more than other factors.
D) The social construction of sexuality is based on the media.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Who conducted most sexuality research in the late 19ᵗʰ century?

A) Biologists
B) Sociologists
C) Physicians
D) Psychoanalysts

Question 5

According to evolutionary theory, we enter a sexual relationship to:

A) Fulfill societal expectations to marry and start a family.
B) Exert power over another person.
C) Receive physical gratification.
D) Pass on our genes.

Question 6

If Freud is correct, sexual urges are LEAST important while a child is in which stage?

A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Phallic
D) Latency

Question 7

What was the primary focus of sexual research in the 19ᵗʰ century?

A) Women and orgasms
B) Male sexual response
C) Contraception development
D) Atypical and unhealthy sexuality

Question 8

Which theorists would recommend treating sexual disorders by rewarding desired behaviors?

A) Psychoanalysts
B) Behaviorists
C) Biologists
D) Feminists

Question 9

Which theorist would most likely say "how one behaves as a man or a woman is controlled primarily by our genes"?

A) Sociological
B) Cognitive
C) Biological
D) Humanistic

Question 10

What statement best fits with queer theory?

A) It is important for research to uncover the cause of homosexuality.
B) Sexuality education should focus on teaching gender differences.
C) Sexual orientation categories lead to limited views of sexuality.
D) Research findings should be separated based on sexual orientation.

Question 11

According to sociological theory, what is the first factor that influences our values about what is sexually right or wrong?

A) Peer pressure
B) Family
C) Cultural expectations
D) Media

Question 12

Of the following early sexuality researchers, who would most likely label homosexual behavior as pathological?

A) Magnus Hirschfeld
B) Richard von Krafft-Ebing
C) Katharine Bement Davis
D) Clelia Mosher

Question 13

Which type of theorist would state that the biggest sexual organ is the brain?

A) Humanistic
B) Cognitive
C) Social Learning
D) Evolutionary

Question 14

Which researcher founded the Institute for Sexology and believing that homosexuality was genetic, argued for the repeal of laws against homosexuality and bisexuality?

A) Magnus Hirschfeld
B) Richard von Krafft-Ebing
C) Havelock Ellis
D) William Masters

Question 15

What is TRUE about Evelyn Hooker's research?

A) There was an unusually high rate of STIs among lesbian subjects in her study.
B) Her research confirmed that homosexuality was a mental illness.
C) She found no fundamental psychological differences between gay and straight men.
D) She did the first comprehensive study of bisexuality in women.

Question 16

Behavioral theory is to operant conditioning as humanistic theory is to:

A) Psychosexual development
B) Aversion therapy
C) Self-actualization
D) Physiology

Question 17

What was the religious background of many of the early sexuality researchers?

A) Islam
B) Jewish
C) Christianity
D) Agnostic

Question 18

The influence of law and religion and the impact of economic conditions on sexual behaviors are stressed most by which theory?

A) Sociological
B) Behavioral
C) Humanistic
D) Queer

Question 19

What did Freud believe takes place during the phallic stage of development?

A) Girls develop penis envy.
B) Boys go through the Electra Complex
C) The id begins to develop.
D) It is the final stage of sexual development.

Question 20

A man wants to rid himself of sexual fantasies of young boys. A therapist shows the man pictures of boys; if he responds with an erection, he receives an electric shock. Which theoretical perspective does this demonstrate?

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Behavioral
C) Humanistic
D) Cognitive

Question 21

How did Alfred Kinsey obtain most of his research data?

A) Laboratory observations
B) Interviews
C) Case studies
D) Online surveys

Question 22

Which researcher sought a medical degree primarily to study sexuality and reported that homosexuality and masturbation were not abnormal?

A) Alfred Kinsey
B) Katherine Bement Davis
C) Albert Moll
D) Havelock Ellis

Question 23

A couple comes to a lab and has sexual intercourse first with no one observing and then comes back and has sex while hooked up to a variety of instruments to measure changes in erection and vaginal lubrication. This couple might have been participants in a study done by which researcher(s)?

A) William Masters and Virginia Johnson
B) Alfred Kinsey and Clelia Mosher
C) Alan Bell and Martin Weinberg
D) Evelyn Hooker and Morton Hunt

Question 24

According to your text, who is considered the most influential sex researcher of the 20ᵗʰ century?

A) Havelock Ellis
B) Clelia Mosher
C) Alfred Kinsey
D) Virginia Johnson

Question 25

A researcher doing in-depth interviews often asks the same questions in different ways during the interview to assure accurate and honest responses. How does this impact the results?

A) It reduced volunteer bias.
B) It reduces interviewer bias.
C) It increases validity.
D) It increases reliability.

Question 26

"Women have sexual appetites equal to men and they do not necessarily need men to satisfy those appetites." Which researcher would agree most strongly with this statement?

A) Magnus Hirschfield
B) Katherine Bement Davis
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Clelia Mosher

Question 27

Who was the first researcher to ask Americans about their sexual behavior, finding in his/her study that most of the U.S. women surveyed thought sexual intercourse was for pleasure and reproduction?

A) Clelia Mosher
B) Havelock Ellis
C) Albert Moll
D) Alfred Kinsey

Question 28

What is a major limitation of the case study method of research?

A) The results cannot be generalized to a larger group of people.
B) It is impossible to get informed consent from the subjects.
C) Researchers cannot guarantee anonymity.
D) They are the most costly of all research methods.

Question 29

Where were Morton Hunt's findings on sexual behaviors during the 1970s published?

A) Government reports
B) Playboy
C) Cosmopolitan
D) Time magazine

Question 30

What was a finding from Masters and Johnson's research?

A) Sexual desire diminishes significantly in old age.
B) Women are capable of multiple orgasms.
C) Vaginal orgasms are more intense than clitoral orgasms.
D) Males are more likely to experience sexual dysfunction.

Question 31

In an experiment, what variable does the experimenter manipulate?

A) Independent variable
B) Confounding variable
C) Intervening variable
D) Dependent variable

Question 32

How did the National Health and Social Life Survey of the early 1990s have improved results from Kinsey's work several decades earlier?

A) It used written questionnaires instead of participant-observation methods.
B) The sample was restricted to a smaller geographic region.
C) It used better sampling techniques.
D) It was funded through private sources.

Question 33

A university student spent hours answering hundreds of questions asked by an interviewer. The questions were easy to understand and the student was assured all responses would remain confidential. The student might have been a participant in a study done by which researcher(s)?

A) William Masters and Virginia Johnson
B) Alfred Kinsey
C) Alan Bell and Martin Weinberg
D) Katherine Bement Davis

Question 34

Why was Morton Hunt's research results not considered generalizable?

A) His study included only adolescents.
B) His study included only heterosexual males.
C) He only included students enrolled in his courses.
D) He only included people with listed phone numbers.

Question 35

A sexologist teaching at a university offers students the option of writing a term paper or participating in a sexuality survey. What challenge would this pose for findings from the survey?

A) Over generalizability
B) Interviewer bias
C) 100% sampling bias
D) Volunteer bias

Question 36

What is a potential advantage of Internet-based sexuality research?

A) Informed consent is not necessary.
B) Participants might be more truthful because of anonymity.
C) Volunteer bias is eliminated.
D) Participants can submit multiple responses to a survey.

Question 37

A researcher who wants to study sexual behavior of adults in the U.S. uses a college-level human sexuality class to get participants. What sample method is the researcher using?

A) 100% sampling
B) Random sampling
C) Sample of convenience
D) Sample of variance

Question 38

What is a disadvantage of correlational research?

A) The results cannot be generalizable to a larger group of people.
B) It is difficult to get informed consent.
C) It provides no information about causation.
D) It is the most time-consuming of all research methods.

Question 39

Freud is to case study as Masters and Johnson are to:

A) Questionnaire
B) Interview
C) Experiment
D) Observation

Question 40

A researcher wants to study people's behavior on first time dates so he/she joins an internet dating service. What type of research method would this be?

A) Correlational
B) Internet based
C) Participant observation
D) Experimental

Question 41

If someone filled out an in-school questionnaire when they were in 8ᵗʰ grade and have been interviewed four more times throughout adulthood, what is the name of the study they most likely participated in?

A) The Youth Risk Behavior Survey
B) The National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior
C) The National Survey of Family Growth
D) The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

Question 42

Queer theory supports slow, steady social change.

Question 43

In his studies from the 1950s, Kinsey found that the majority of heterosexual couples only had sex in the missionary style.

Question 44

Which of the following best describes a goal of future sexuality research?

A) Improved collaboration between researchers of various disciplines
B) Less involvement from the federal government
C) More focus on the physiological and biological aspects of sexuality
D) Less reliance on studies conducted from university counseling programs

Question 45

Sociological theorists analyze gender roles as the most significant way that an individual's sexuality identity is formed.

Question 46

Sexuality research has become fragmented over the last few decades.

Question 47

Why are findings from the National College Health Assessment possibly not generalizable?

A) The study was conducted during the 1970s.
B) Only schools from the Midwest are included.
C) Only students who utilize student health services are included.
D) Schools pay to participate in the study.

Question 48

A research process is a set of assumptions, principles and methods that help a research understand the nature of the phenomenon being studied.

Question 49

Masters and Johnson gathered sexuality data primarily through case studies.

Question 50

Early sexuality researchers from the 19ᵗʰ century concentrated on the healthy and positive aspects of sexuality.

Question 51

Behavioral theorists commonly use aversion therapy to change unwanted sexuality related behaviors.

Question 52

Which of the following best describes the present-day field of sexuality research?

A) A mature science
B) Mostly conducted by medical doctors
C) Hindered by a lack of appropriate research methods
D) Still in its early stages

Question 53

What best describes findings from the 2010 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior?

A) Rates of vaginal intercourse among young teens have increased dramatically.
B) Partnered sex is more common than masturbation during old age.
C) Few men reported that their partner had orgasm during their most recent sexual interaction.
D) A high percentage of sexually active male teenagers reported using condoms the last time they engaged in sexual behavior.

Question 54

What best describes the most recent U.S. approach to sex research?

A) Problem driven and underfunded
B) Theory driven and underfunded
C) Theory driven and adequately funded
D) Problem driven and adequately funded

Question 55

In what area(s) is there currently a lack of sexuality research?

A) Development of sexual identity
B) Childhood sexual development
C) What makes couples happy long term
D) All of these

Question 56

Which of the following best fits the findings of cross-cultural studies?

A) Those with a written language have the lowest rates of masturbation.
B) Sexual intercourse is most common when couples wake up in the morning.
C) Women usually initiate foreplay in heterosexual relationships.
D) Female orgasmic ability differs significantly from culture to culture.

Question 57

In the 2010 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, findings showed that the rate of vaginal intercourse among heterosexual teens is increasing rapidly.

Question 58

Which group conducted a well-known global study of sexuality?

A) Kinsey Institute
B) Margaret Sanger Foundation
C) Pfizer Pharmaceuticals
D) Cosmopolitan magazine

Question 59

Which person below is MOST likely to participate in a sexuality research study?

A) Jacob, who is sexually experienced but somewhat conservative
B) Anna, who is sexually experienced and more liberal
C) Joshua, who is sexually experienced and more liberal
D) Melissa, who has had oral sex and is more liberal

Question 60

Sigmund Freud believed that our basic personality is formed by events that happen to us in the first six years of life.

Question 61

Explain how sexuality research has been problem driven and give two examples.

Question 62

Identify two findings from Marshall and Suggs' large-scale cross-cultural study of sexuality, one of the largest cultural studies ever done on sexuality?

Question 63

What are four common problems to be considered when conducting sexuality research? For each discuss how it is a specific problem related to sexuality related research.

Question 64

Explain how the Internet can be used in sexuality research. What are some of the specific benefits and drawbacks of this method?

Question 65

Researchers using methods of direct observation find that getting participants for their studies is fairly easy among college student populations.

Question 66

Describe steps that Kinsey took with his choice of sampling and data collection methods to avoid bias in his findings.

Question 67

Conservative politicians have repeatedly been successful in eliminating funding for sexuality research.

Question 68

List two sexuality researchers discussed in your text and explain two contributions to the field of sexuality made by each of them.

Question 69

Female orgasmic ability varies greatly from culture to culture.

Question 70

The main limitation of a correlational study is that it doesn't provide any information about cause.

Question 71

Compare and contrast three of the following theories using sexuality related examples: behavioral, social learning, cognitive, humanistic, biological, evolutionary, or sociological, feminist, or queer.

Question 72

Contrast the different perspectives social learning theorists and evolutionary theorists would take towards studying children's gender development?

Question 73

The National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior found condom use was higher among African Americans than among White Americans.

Question 74

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

Question 75

Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews and questionnaires in sexuality related research?