Deck 4: Gender Development, Gender Roles, and Gender Identity

Question 1

What person would be diagnosed with a disorder of sex development?

A) Jaden a genetic male who dresses up as a female to participate in drag shows
B) Jennifer a genetic female who has desired to be a male since childhood
C) Jacob born a genetic female named Amanda who underwent sex reassignment surgery to become a male
D) Jordan a genetic male who has external female genitalia but no female internal organs

Answer 1

D

Question 2

If a gender-specific behavior is largely determined by biology, what is that behavior most accurately called?

A) A gender constant
B) A gender role
C) A gender stereotype
D) A gender trait

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is the rarest disorder of sex development in which a child is born with both, fully formed ovaries and fully formed testes?

A) Hermaphroditism
B) Klinefelter's syndrome
C) Turner's syndrome
D) XYY syndrome

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is the most likely diagnosis for a male who is infertile and the problem is genetic?

A) Klinefelter's syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) XXX syndrome
D) Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Question 5

What female sex organ arises from the same tissue as the glans of the penis?

A) Labia majora
B) Vagina
C) Labia minora
D) Clitoris

Question 6

Stewart has small testicles, a low level of testosterone, feminized body contours and is infertile. What is Stewart's most likely diagnosis?

A) Kleinfelter's syndrome
B) Triple X syndrome
C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
D) Hermaphroditism

Question 7

Megan was raised as a female. When she failed to menstruate at puberty, her doctor found that she was genetically male. What is Megan's most likely diagnosis?

A) Kleinfelter's syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
D) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Question 8

What term refers to male and female sex organs which arise from the same tissue?

A) Analogous
B) Haploid
C) Androgens
D) Homologous

Question 9

What is the best treatment for Turner's syndrome?

A) Administration of testosterone during puberty
B) Administration of estrogen and progesterone during puberty
C) Administration of androgens at birth
D) There is no known treatment for Turner's syndrome at this time.

Question 10

All of the following are true about congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) EXCEPT:

A) Even though the body produces excessive amounts of androgens, there is often little effect on a developing male fetus.
B) Girls may be born with masculinized external genitalia which can be corrected with surgery.
C) Most individuals with CAH are not diagnosed until later in life.
D) In girls with CAH, there seems to be an impact on childhood play and sexual orientation.

Question 11

What does the term "gender-neutral housing" refer to on college campuses?

A) Allowing transgendered students to have equal access for housing options
B) Allowing male floors and female floors within the same residence hall
C) Allowing male and female students to share rooms in a residence hall
D) Allowing homosexual and bisexual students to have special room requests

Question 12

All of the following are true about sex development and brain differentiation EXCEPT:

A) Sexual differentiation of the brain occurs prior to sexual differentiation of the genitals.
B) Male brains signal continuous release of hormones.
C) Female brains signal release of hormones in a cyclical pattern.
D) Hormones influence development of the brain both in the uterus and after birth.

Question 13

What statement below does Margaret Mead's famous discussion about the Tchambuli tribe of New Guinea provide support for?

A) Human culture can transcend biology.
B) Some traits are innate among males and females and not likely to change.
C) Male traits are more likely to be biologically based.
D) Female traits are more likely to be biologically based.

Question 14

In the 1500s, King Henry VIII of England divorced Catherine of Aragon because she gave birth to a daughter not a son. Henry VIII's reasoning was:

A) Inaccurate: Embryonic hormones differentiate in the 8th week to determine sex.
B) Inaccurate: Sperm cells carry the Y chromosome.
C) Accurate: Egg cells carry the Y chromosome.
D) Accurate: Once a woman has a daughter, subsequent offspring are more likely to be female.

Question 15

If following the pattern of findings in the U.S., which person would be LEAST likely to adhere to gender role stereotyping?

A) Aisha, an African American female
B) Jacob, a Caucasian male
C) Abby, a Caucasian female
D) There are no differences between ethnic groups or genders so all would be equally likely to adhere to gender-role stereotyping.

Question 16

What is the process called in which an infant is taught the basic skills for functioning in society?

A) Assimilation
B) Differentiation
C) Socialization
D) Acculturation

Question 17

If you visually compared the sexual development of third-week female and male embryos, what would you notice?

A) Developing testes in the male and developing ovaries in the female
B) No development yet of testes in the male, but developing ovaries in the female
C) No development yet of ovaries in the female, but developing of testes in the male
D) No development yet of ovaries in the female or testes in the male

Question 18

What is true of Turner's syndrome?

A) It affects only males.
B) It affects only females.
C) It affects both males and females equally.
D) It is a condition that makes it impossible to identify a child as male or female.

Question 19

If a gender-specific behavior is largely determined by culture, what is that behavior most accurately called?

A) A gender constant
B) A gender role
C) A gender stereotype
D) A gender trait

Question 20

A woman has just become pregnant. Which hormone below has contributed most directly to her pregnancy?

A) Prolactin
B) Oxytocin
C) Progesterone
D) Androgen

Question 21

Generally speaking, a transsexual individual with an "XX" sex chromosome pair is likely to feel:

A) Trapped in a woman's body
B) Trapped in a man's body
C) Physically attracted to men
D) Physically attracted to females

Question 22

In most cultures, men are more likely than women to have all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Stress-related illnesses
B) Motor vehicle accidents
C) Cirrhosis of the liver
D) Suicide attempts

Question 23

Which surgical procedure is the more popular option used for female-to-male transitions?

A) Vaginoplasty
B) Phalloplasty
C) Metoidioplasty
D) Scrotoplasty

Question 24

Piaget is to cognitive theory as Bem is to:

A) Social learning theory
B) Evolutionary theory
C) Gender schema theory
D) Feminist theory

Question 25

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Males are more neurologically advanced and mature faster.
B) More male fetuses miscarry.
C) Females die at younger ages than males.
D) Female brains are more asymmetrical than males.

Question 26

What is most often true for transsexual people who take cross-sex hormones?

A) If they choose to stop taking hormones, changes up to that point are permanent.
B) If they choose to stop taking hormones, some changes will be reversible and some will be permanent.
C) If they decide to stop taking hormones, they will experience serious side effects because their hormones will no longer be in balance.
D) If they decide to stop taking hormones, all of the changes will be reversed.

Question 27

According to David Gilmore's research related to the evolutionary purpose of masculine and feminine socialization, which statement would be most accurate in societies with plenty of food and the absence of enemies and predators?

A) Women would adopt more masculine roles.
B) Men would adopt more feminine roles
C) Differences between men and women would not be emphasized.
D) Differences between men and women would be exaggerated.

Question 28

What theory suggests that we learn gender roles from the same system of rewards and punishments that we learn other social roles?

A) Social learning
B) Cognitive
C) Gender schema
D) Evolutionary

Question 29

Using the measure of androgyny developed by Sandra Bem in the 1970's, what did current research find related to perceptions of gender traits?

A) While most of the feminine traits were still accurate, less than half of the masculine traits were still accurate.
B) While most of the masculine traits were still accurate, less than half of the feminine traits were still accurate.
C) Both male and female traits have remained constant over the past 30 years.
D) Both male and female traits have changed significantly over the past 30 years.

Question 30

Related to current research about gender, where do researchers focus more attention?

A) Biological differences between males and females.
B) Socialized differences between males and females.
C) Children's gender development
D) Gender similarities

Question 31

What statement best describes Sheila Rothman's belief about the context of womanhood?

A) What it means to be a woman has remained very constant from one time period to the next
B) What it means to be a woman is mostly defined by determinants of masculinity during any given time period
C) What is means to be a woman is understood within the context of motherhood
D) What it means to be a woman has shifted from one time period to the next

Question 32

When we say to a little boy, "Look how strong you are," and we say to a little girl, "Your dress is so pretty," we are interacting based on categories we have deeply engrained related to masculinity and femininity. What theory attributes much of our gender role development to these ways of thinking?

A) Social learning
B) Cognitive
C) Gender schema
D) Evolutionary

Question 33

What theory would most likely have the motto, "nature not nurture"?

A) Social learning
B) Cognitive
C) Gender schema
D) Evolutionary

Question 34

Cognitive development theory suggests that gender attitudes change predictably as children get older because:

A) Children pass through stages of development related to their ability to process information.
B) Changes in attitude over time are based on hereditary and hormonal influences.
C) They are exposed to consistent gender role models.
D) Their gender schemas are culturally determined.

Question 35

What did Williams and Best find in their cross cultural research related to gender?

A) People largely agreed on gender role stereotypes.
B) Gender role stereotypes differed greatly from country to country.
C) People generally agreed on feminine stereotypes but not masculine traits.
D) People generally agreed on masculine stereotypes but not feminine traits.

Question 36

Children see that on Saturdays their mom spends the day inside cleaning and doing the laundry while their dad does outside work such as mowing the yard and changing the oil. What theory suggests that children learn gender roles through this type of modeling?

A) Social learning
B) Cognitive
C) Feminist
D) Evolutionary

Question 37

What term is used to describe a transgender individual who is experiencing confusion or discomfort about their biological sex and gender identity?

A) Genderqueer
B) Gender dysphoria
C) Gender fluidity
D) Gender binary

Question 38

What is TRUE of sex reassignment surgery (SRS)?

A) It is a relatively simple procedure.
B) It destroys orgasmic capacity.
C) The results are best for female-to-male transitions.
D) It sometimes doesn't relieve psychological suffering.

Question 39

What is an umbrella term used to refer to a range of different sexual orientations, gender behaviors, or ideologies?

A) Gender neutral
B) Transsexual
C) Genderqueer
D) Transvestite

Question 40

Sandra Bem would define an androgynous individual as one who:

A) Shows neither masculine nor feminine characteristics
B) Is high in masculinity and low in femininity
C) Is low in masculinity and high in femininity
D) Is high in masculinity and high in femininity

Question 41

Who is likely to hold a more negative attitude about aging?

A) Michelle, a White lesbian woman
B) Courtney, a White heterosexual woman
C) Jesse, a Latino gay man
D) Robert, a Black heterosexual man

Question 42

Which of the following is true about gender roles in adolescence?

A) Consequences for deviating from gender role behaviors are more severe for girls than boys.
B) Girls have more latitude with their behavior.
C) Girls are allowed more deviation from gender stereotypes of sexuality.
D) All of these are true

Question 43

What do the hijra, kathoey, and xani-th have in common?

A) They are biological males.
B) They are allowed sexual access to women and men.
C) They partake in both male and female work.
D) They are asexual.

Question 44

Amenorrhea is a condition in which a female experiences excessive flow during menstruation.

Question 45

Androgens are important for sexual development, specifically in males.

Question 46

Breasts are an example of secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 47

A child with gonads of one sex but ambiguous external genitalia is referred to as asexual.

Question 48

Gender roles are fundamentally innate.

Question 49

According to Epstein, what aspect of human behavior perpetuates gender inequalities?

A) Cross cultural differences
B) Gender role stereotyping
C) Sexual attraction
D) Dichotomous thinking

Question 50

Sexual differentiation of the genitals begins earlier in pregnancy than sexual differentiation of the brain.

Question 51

According to your text, what are some of the ways society has contributed to increasing fears of men?

A) When children are lost in a mall, they are often told to seek out a woman.
B) Many airlines have policies about seating unaccompanied minor children and prefer to seat them near female passengers.
C) John Walsh, host of the popular show American's Most Wanted, advises parents not to hire male babysitters.
D) All of these

Question 52

Research demonstrates that in the typical elementary school classroom in the U.S.:

A) Boys and girls get about the same amount of attention.
B) Girls who ask questions are seen as curious and boys who ask questions are seen as aggressive.
C) Boys get both more praise and more criticism than girls.
D) Girls get more praise and boys get more criticism.

Question 53

The pairs of chromosomes that determine the sex of the child are the autosomes.

Question 54

Homosocial play:

A) Is an early indication of homosexual orientation.
B) Is universal.
C) Usually begins when children are about 8 years old.
D) Causes children to be rejected by their peers.

Question 55

Someone with Turner syndrome would look like a genetic female at birth.

Question 56

What country has one of the highest rates of sexual reassignment surgeries in the world?

A) Japan
B) India
C) Iran
D) Brazil

Question 57

In 2010, which of the following would be most likely to be the primary breadwinner of the family?

A) Jackie an upper-class White female
B) Courtney a lower-class White female
C) Don a lower-class White male
D) Tyrome a lower-class Black male

Question 58

Most hormonal secretions are regulated by the brain.

Question 59

In the Native American culture, this person was often biologically female, initiated into puberty as a man, married a woman, and was highly respected in the society. What is the term used to describe this person?

A) A hijra
B) A two-spirit
C) A xani-th
D) A kathoey

Question 60

In typical development, if the male contributes a Y chromosome, the child will be male.

Question 61

Research shows that parents allow boys more flexibility in toy choices than girls.

Question 62

Iran has one of the highest rates of sexual reassignment surgery in the world.

Question 63

Differentiate between sex and gender, and explain how the Bruce/Brenda case shed light on the nature versus nurture debate.

Question 64

Using terms referred to in your textbook, discuss how sex and gender influence people's interactions and relationships with each other.

Question 65

Describe what is meant by the term "third gender." Include descriptions of two examples.

Question 66

Explain how a person's development of a "gender schema" influences his or her view of gender. Give two examples to support your answer.

Question 67

Define androgyny and give two examples of androgynous behavior.

Question 68

Describe the differences in the way boys and girls are often treated differently in U.S. classrooms by their teachers.

Question 69

The gender binary refers to the traditional division of people into two groups as male or female.

Question 70

An androgynous individual has ambiguous genitals.

Question 71

Differentiate among transgenderism, transsexualism, gender dysphoria and asexuality.

Question 72

Describe the process of sexual differentiation in a developing fetus.

Question 73

In the famous Brenda/Bruce story, it was shown how a transgendered person could find psychological well-being through sex reassignment surgery.

Question 74

Describe two disorders of sex development (DSD) and the recommended treatment for each.

Question 75

How do gender roles affect satisfaction with life in the senior years?