Deck 12: Experience,Existence,and the Meaning of Life: Humanistic and Positive Psychology

Question 1

________ is a term for the time,place,and circumstances into which you happened to be born.

A) Existential location
B) Eigenwelt
C) Thrown-ness
D) Angst

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Also known as Geworfenheit,________ refers to the time,place,and circumstances into which you happened to be born.

A) niche
B) thrown-ness
C) era
D) ethos

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Carolyn is fondly thinking about her mother.Carolyn is experiencing ________.

A) self-actualization
B) Mitwelt
C) Eigenwelt
D) angst

Answer 3

B

Question 4

One possible interpretation of the basic phenomenological philosophy is that ________.

A) the same objective reality exists for diverse groups of people and different cultures
B) all interpretations of reality are equally valid
C) if you look at the world through another's eyes, you will realize that your own worldview is invalid
D) all behavior, thoughts, and feelings are determined by past experience

Question 5

________ psychology is based on the premise that to understand a person,you must understand his or her unique view of reality.

A) Existential
B) Humanistic
C) Cultural
D) Psychoanalytic

Question 6

The courage to face mortality and the apparent meaninglessness of life is called ________ by existential philosophers.

A) optimistic toughness
B) hardiness
C) autotelic existence
D) Eigenwelt

Question 7

From an existential perspective,what is the key question every individual is faced with?

A) What is the nature of existence?
B) How can happiness be created?
C) What is an individual's unique experience of the world?
D) How can one achieve the optimal experience?

Question 8

Jerry has been wondering what life means and whether he is living his life purposefully.If he cannot answer these questions,he will probably experience ________.

A) angst
B) thrown-ness
C) Eigenwelt
D) self-actualization

Question 9

What aspect of human psychological functioning is of particular interest to humanistic psychologists?

A) self-awareness
B) human suffering
C) internal psychological conflicts
D) the importance of social relationships

Question 10

Imagine that you are participating in a psychology experiment.The experimenter asks you to take a bite of chocolate and to describe your experience of the chocolate-how it tastes,how it feels on your tongue,and so on.You would be involved in which method of psychological research?

A) experimental
B) correlational
C) introspective
D) case study

Question 11

According to Sartre,angst can be analyzed into three separate sensations.What are they?

A) nothingness, nausea, alienation
B) loneliness, despair, hopelessness
C) helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness
D) anguish, forlornness, despair

Question 12

Existentialists would say that if Donna does not worry about existential concerns but instead focuses on getting a job,obtaining material wealth,or maintaining her friendships,then she will ________.

A) become a fully functioning person
B) experience authentic existence
C) still not be happy
D) experience unconscious sexual urges

Question 13

John realizes that helping one set of people could lead others to suffer.According to Sartre,what sensation will this insight produce?

A) nausea
B) alienation
C) anguish
D) despair

Question 14

Your particular experience of the world is called your ________.

A) conscience
B) consciousness
C) construal
D) confluence

Question 15

According to existentialist philosophy,the opposite of living in bad faith is ________.

A) authentic existence
B) autotelic existence
C) objectivism
D) Eigenwelt

Question 16

All of the following elements make up humanistic psychology EXCEPT ________.

A) holistic
B) value
C) will
D) spiritual

Question 17

________ consists of your biological experiences and ________ consists of your psychological experiences.

A) Umwelt; Eigenwelt
B) Mitwelt; Umwelt
C) Eigenwelt; Mitwelt
D) Umwelt; Mitwelt

Question 18

Mike thinks that sitting around contemplating the meaning of existence is a waste of time.He spends his life concentrating on developing his career,building a bigger house for his family,and enjoying himself.Sartre and other existentialists would say that Mike is ________.

A) living in bad faith
B) preventing himself from becoming a functioning person
C) ignoring Mitwelt
D) following core ideas of self-determination theory

Question 19

Which of the following philosophers was NOT mentioned in the text as an existentialist thinker?

A) Kierkegaard
B) Nietzsche
C) Sartre
D) Descartes

Question 20

Andrew watched himself in the mirror and was overcome with the remarkable insight that he was observing himself in the mirror.Andrew is experiencing ________.

A) self-actualization
B) Mitwelt
C) Eigenwelt
D) angst

Question 21

According to Carl Rogers,you can become a ________ only if you experience ________ from important others in your life.

A) fully functioning person; unconditional positive regard
B) fully functioning adult; unconditioned stimulation
C) authentic person; unconditional love
D) fully functioning person; positive reinforcement

Question 22

The highest need proposed by Maslow was ________.

A) self-determination
B) self-esteem
C) self-actualization
D) self-transcendence

Question 23

Carl Rogers maintained that the one basic tendency for humans is to ________.

A) maintain and enhance life
B) struggle against despair and anguish
C) identify personal constructs
D) develop conditions of worth

Question 24

Steven has come to terms with his mortality,accepted responsibility for his existence,and knows that he determines what happens in his life.Existentialists would say that Steven is ________.

A) living in bad faith
B) experiencing thrown-ness
C) attaining authentic existence
D) achieving Mitwelt

Question 25

If one achieves a state of complete serenity,selflessness,and awareness,he or she has most likely achieved ________.

A) anicca
B) anatta
C) nirvana
D) construal

Question 26

According to Sartre,the existential challenge is to ________.

A) avoid thinking about the meaning of existence
B) face the basic uncertainty and anguish of life and find personal meaning
C) maintain generativity and avoid stagnation
D) become a fully functioning, self-actualizing person

Question 27

Some American corporations use Maslow's ideas when dealing with their employees.For example,they might ________.

A) maximize their employees' feelings of security so that the employees can pursue higher goals and identify with the organization
B) attempt to hire only people who are close to achieving at least minimal levels of self-actualization
C) reinforce desired employee behavior by providing small salary increases whenever an employee performs an activity that is beyond what is usually expected
D) maximize their employees' feelings of material satisfaction so that the employees become financially dependent upon the company (and thus be more dedicated to it)

Question 28

According to Rogers,believing that others value you based only on intelligence,success,or attractiveness can lead to ________.

A) existential dread
B) unconditional positive regard
C) despair
D) conditions of worth

Question 29

Nietzsche argued that the most honorable response to the dilemmas of existence is to ________.

A) retreat to close relationships to manage your terror
B) rise above it all and become a superman
C) acknowledge your own despair
D) distract yourself from your inevitable sense of dread

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a concern with the typical strategy used to evaluate the effects of Rogerian psychotherapy?

A) It is not clear that the match between perceived self and ideal self is an adequate criterion for psychological adjustment.
B) No measurable variables have been used to evaluate Rogerian therapy.
C) The results may be due to clients' changing their ideal views.
D) The criterion used for determining adjustment could lead us to consider people with obvious disorders as being well-adjusted.

Question 31

What Buddhist term refers to the idea that an independent singular self is simply an illusion?

A) anatta
B) anicca
C) nirvana
D) Eigenwelt

Question 32

To avoid developing conditions of worth,a person should experience ________ from the important people in his or her life.

A) unconditional positive regard
B) Mitwelt
C) conditions of worth
D) existential optimism

Question 33

Which two individuals are credited with turning existentialism into a more optimistic view of life?

A) Sartre and Nietzsche
B) Rogers and Freud
C) Rogers and Maslow
D) Maslow and Maddi

Question 34

From an optimistic humanism perspective,what is true of every human being?

A) They begin as a blank slate.
B) They are basically good.
C) They are aware of their surroundings.
D) They come from the earth and will return to it when they die.

Question 35

Research findings indicate that one result of Rogerian psychotherapy may be that ________.

A) people become more like their ideal selves
B) people establish their own conditions of worth
C) clients report feeling more flow experiences
D) more clients meet their hierarchy of needs

Question 36

The humanist psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow took basic existential assumptions and added the assumption that ________.

A) people are good and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better
B) to know a person, it is essential to understand his or her phenomenology
C) only humans, as opposed to other animals, have an awareness of their own mortality
D) people are essentially childlike and have an innate tendency toward selfishness and impulsivity

Question 37

Linda thinks that her friends will like her only if she is thin,attractive,and cheerful.Rogers would say it is unlikely that Linda will ________.

A) self-actualize
B) become a fully functioning person
C) build personal constructs
D) experience Umwelt

Question 38

According to Carl Rogers,a person can only be understood from the perspective of the entire panorama of his or her conscious experience or what he called the ________.

A) organismic perspective
B) phenomenological position
C) Eigenwelt
D) phenomenal field

Question 39

The Buddhist alternative to existential anguish,forlornness,and despair is ________.

A) anatta
B) anicca
C) nirvana
D) Eigenwelt

Question 40

What Buddhist term refers to the idea that all things are in flux and impermanent?

A) anatta
B) anicca
C) nirvana
D) Eigenwelt

Question 41

The psychological state of flow involves all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) a focused state of consciousness
B) a disrupted sense of time
C) intense feelings of joy and happiness
D) tremendous concentration

Question 42

Flow most likely arises when one's activity entails a balanced ratio of ________ to ________.

A) effort; reward
B) stress; eustress
C) approach; avoidance
D) skills; challenges

Question 43

The personality test that asks you to identify sets of three people,ideas,or objects and describe how any two of them are similar to each other and different from the third is attempting to assess your ________.

A) hierarchy of needs
B) conditions of worth
C) cognitive scripts
D) personal constructs

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT an example of an experience of flow?

A) writing a paper for 4 hours straight
B) playing a video game that requires a lot of skill
C) binge watching a television series
D) running a marathon

Question 45

Research has shown that some personal constructs are more readily called to mind than others.These constructs are considered ________.

A) chronically accessible
B) recall-ready
C) intrinsic notions
D) intrinsically motivated

Question 46

Csikszentmihalyi's concept of flow is analogous to ________.

A) self-actualization
B) an authentic existence
C) an optimal experience
D) existential optimism

Question 47

What basic approach do humanistic,Rogerian psychotherapists use when treating their patients?

A) utilize the talking cure
B) offer them unconditional positive regard
C) offer harsh advice and criticism
D) relate the patient's issues to those of their own

Question 48

George Kelly believed that to understand a person,you need to understand his or her personal construct system.This idea is known as ________.

A) the interpersonal circumplex
B) constructive alternativism
C) construct renewal
D) the sociality corollary

Question 49

George Kelly's personal construct theory emphasizes that individuals ________.

A) construct reality through neurotic distortions
B) build an authentic existence through the acceptance of personal responsibility
C) construct a hierarchy of needs that motivates behavior
D) build the experience of reality through unique sets of ideas about the world

Question 50

Csikszentmihalyi concluded that the best way someone can spend his or her time is in ________.

A) telegraphic activities
B) autotelic activities
C) nomotelic activities
D) autographic activities

Question 51

An autotelic activity ________.

A) results in social reinforcement such as praise or approval
B) produces a material reinforcement such as money
C) releases unconscious urges and desires
D) is enjoyable for its own sake

Question 52

Research suggests that individuals high in which personality attribute are most likely to experience flow?

A) locus of control
B) extraversion
C) openness
D) self-monitoring

Question 53

According to the text,what is the main goal of psychotherapy from a humanistic perspective?

A) to help the client confront her fears
B) to help the client vocalize her subconscious thoughts
C) to help the client become a fully functioning person
D) to help the psychologist gather data about the human condition

Question 54

Which theorist would most likely make the statement that above all else,individuals are driven to fulfill all that meets their basic needs of survival?

A) Maslow
B) Rogers
C) Kelly
D) Csikszentmihalyi

Question 55

According to George Kelly,a person's interpretation or theory of what the world is like is his or her ________.

A) phenomenal field
B) Eigenwelt
C) personal construct system
D) circumplex model

Question 56

The idea that you choose your own reality is closest to which concept in the humanistic perspective on personality?

A) Eigenwelt
B) constructive alternativism
C) sociality corollary
D) self-determination theory

Question 57

George realizes that if he moves his food truck to a different neighborhood,he'll make twice the profit.When George makes the move,he is achieving a(n)________.

A) optimizing goal
B) satisficing goal
C) profitable goal
D) opportunity goal

Question 58

All of the following make up Maslow's hierarchy of needs EXCEPT ________.

A) self-actualization
B) safety and security
C) status and esteem
D) extraversion and openness

Question 59

The theorist ________ would likely use the metaphor "humans are scientists" to describe the nature of human psychology.

A) George Kelly
B) Carl Rogers
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi

Question 60

Which is NOT one of the central,intrinsic goals featured in self-determination theory?

A) autonomy
B) competence
C) relatedness
D) hedonia

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT one of the core virtues identified by positive psychology?

A) courage
B) vanity
C) justice
D) wisdom

Question 62

Positive psychologists usually argue that true happiness comes from overcoming important challenges.This idea is quite similar to Sartre's conception of ________.

A) optimistic toughness
B) hardiness
C) self-actualization
D) Umwelt

Question 63

Which tenet of self-determination theory appears to be its boldest prediction?

A) the clear distinction between hedonia and eudaimonia
B) the selfishness that results from subjective well-being
C) the universality of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness
D) the physical illnesses that result from hedonia but not subjective well-being

Question 64

Positive psychology seeks to study human ________ rather than ________.

A) behavior; thoughts or cognitions
B) strengths; faults
C) potential; behavior
D) nature; social constructions

Question 65

Match the theory or central idea that is associated with each philosopher or psychologist.
a.The theory of flow
b.Personal construct theory
c.Hierarchy of needs
d.Self-actualization
e.Self-determination theory
f.Existentialistic superman
g.The experience of Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt
h.Thrown-ness
i.Optimistic toughness
Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi

Question 66

From a phenomenological perspective,to understand another person,you must understand ________.

A) that person's construals
B) that person's family history
C) how they feel about you
D) yourself

Question 67

According to the text,which of the following questions is central positive and humanistic psychology but is NOT traditional psychology?

A) What is the meaning of life?
B) How are people different from one another?
C) How are people motivated to succeed?
D) What parts of the brain relate to our personality?

Question 68

Match the theory or central idea that is associated with each philosopher or psychologist.
a.The theory of flow
b.Personal construct theory
c.Hierarchy of needs
d.Self-actualization
e.Self-determination theory
f.Existentialistic superman
g.The experience of Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt
h.Thrown-ness
i.Optimistic toughness
Jean-Paul Sartre

Question 69

Which of the following virtues does NOT appear to be particularly important in Eastern traditions?

A) humanity
B) justice
C) temperance
D) courage

Question 70

Match the theory or central idea that is associated with each philosopher or psychologist.
a.The theory of flow
b.Personal construct theory
c.Hierarchy of needs
d.Self-actualization
e.Self-determination theory
f.Existentialistic superman
g.The experience of Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt
h.Thrown-ness
i.Optimistic toughness
Richard Ryan and Edward Deci

Question 71

Match the theory or central idea that is associated with each philosopher or psychologist.
a.The theory of flow
b.Personal construct theory
c.Hierarchy of needs
d.Self-actualization
e.Self-determination theory
f.Existentialistic superman
g.The experience of Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt
h.Thrown-ness
i.Optimistic toughness
Carl Rogers

Question 72

What does it mean to take a phenomenological perspective on personality? Explain the basic idea of phenomenology and describe the philosophical roots of this approach.

Question 73

Match the theory or central idea that is associated with each philosopher or psychologist.
a.The theory of flow
b.Personal construct theory
c.Hierarchy of needs
d.Self-actualization
e.Self-determination theory
f.Existentialistic superman
g.The experience of Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt
h.Thrown-ness
i.Optimistic toughness
George Kelly

Question 74

________ is the relatively recent branch of psychology that investigates the traits,processes,and social institutions that promote a good and meaningful life.

A) Hedonia
B) Eudaimonia
C) Positive psychology
D) Optimistic psychology

Question 75

Match the theory or central idea that is associated with each philosopher or psychologist.
a.The theory of flow
b.Personal construct theory
c.Hierarchy of needs
d.Self-actualization
e.Self-determination theory
f.Existentialistic superman
g.The experience of Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt
h.Thrown-ness
i.Optimistic toughness
Abraham Maslow

Question 76

Match the theory or central idea that is associated with each philosopher or psychologist.
a.The theory of flow
b.Personal construct theory
c.Hierarchy of needs
d.Self-actualization
e.Self-determination theory
f.Existentialistic superman
g.The experience of Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt
h.Thrown-ness
i.Optimistic toughness
Ludwig Binswanger

Question 77

Match the theory or central idea that is associated with each philosopher or psychologist.
a.The theory of flow
b.Personal construct theory
c.Hierarchy of needs
d.Self-actualization
e.Self-determination theory
f.Existentialistic superman
g.The experience of Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt
h.Thrown-ness
i.Optimistic toughness
Friedrich Nietzsche

Question 78

Match the theory or central idea that is associated with each philosopher or psychologist.
a.The theory of flow
b.Personal construct theory
c.Hierarchy of needs
d.Self-actualization
e.Self-determination theory
f.Existentialistic superman
g.The experience of Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt
h.Thrown-ness
i.Optimistic toughness
Heidegger

Question 79

Based on research related to self-determination theory,the individual ________ is likely to report the highest level of well-being.

A) who values financial success
B) who seeks fame
C) who is focused on personal growth
D) who is focused on hedonia

Question 80

Stephen seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.He pursues ________.

A) hedonia
B) eudaimonia
C) bad faith
D) self-determination