Deck 16: The Self: What You Know About You

Question 1

According to the text,self-esteem is part of the ________.

A) procedural self
B) declarative self
C) I self
D) ought self

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is a key difference between the declarative self and the procedural self?

A) Declarative self contains information about who we are, whereas the procedural self contains information about what you do.
B) Declarative self contains information about who we are friends with, whereas the procedural self contains information about our occupation.
C) Declarative self contains information about actions, whereas the procedural self contains information about your thoughts and feelings.
D) Declarative self contains information about where we're going, whereas the procedural self contains information about why we're going there.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Self-knowledge can be divided into ________ knowledge and ________ knowledge.

A) procedural; episodic
B) procedural; declarative
C) procedural; semantic
D) declarative; explicit

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to William James,the ________ does the thinking and sensing,whereas the ________ is the object of thoughts about the self.

A) I; me
B) me; I
C) independent self; interdependent self
D) interdependent self; independent self

Question 5

What emotions are thought to occur when a stranger harms aspects of your me self?

A) anger and distress
B) shame and guilt
C) sadness and anxiety
D) fear and terror

Question 6

Everything you think you know about your traits and abilities resides in the ________.

A) procedural self
B) self-esteem structure
C) I self
D) declarative self

Question 7

Procedural self-knowledge does NOT include ________.

A) social skills
B) styles of relating to others
C) unconscious self-knowledge
D) explicit self-knowledge

Question 8

The overall opinion of the self is called ________.

A) the procedural self
B) self-esteem
C) self-concept
D) self-schema

Question 9

What "selves" are two aspects of procedural self-knowledge?

A) relational and implicit
B) rational and explicit
C) collectivist and individualist
D) I and me

Question 10

According to the ________ theory of self-esteem,low self-esteem might serve as a warning signal for rejection.

A) detection
B) sociometer
C) threatened egotism
D) rejection sensitivity

Question 11

William James believed that our ________ includes ________.

A) I self; our possessions
B) I self; our personality traits only
C) me self; our possessions
D) me self; our personality traits only

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT associated with low self-esteem?

A) depression
B) suicide
C) loneliness
D) fearlessness about death

Question 13

What state government set up a task force to enhance the self-esteem of its residents?

A) Texas
B) Massachusetts
C) California
D) Oregon

Question 14

What does the author mean when he says the me is the epistemological self?

A) The me can be manipulated and changed.
B) The me is logical and rational.
C) The me is an object that can be described.
D) The me is a subjective entity.

Question 15

Jack's friends don't think he is very smart; however,Jack considers himself to be quite intelligent.Jack would most likely be considered high in ________.

A) self-insight
B) self-enhancement
C) sociometry
D) self-justification

Question 16

A person who habitually avoids social interaction but is unaware of his shyness is said to have ________ knowledge about the self.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) declarative

Question 17

Gloria is at a job interview and is asked to tell the interviewer a little about herself.Gloria says that she is friendly,hardworking,and reliable.What self is she describing?

A) The I
B) The ego
C) The me
D) The id

Question 18

A person who knows that he is hostile and aloof is said to have ________ knowledge.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) implicit
D) declarative

Question 19

________ is NOT one of the key functions of the self.

A) Facilitating self-regulation
B) Serving as an information processing filter
C) Facilitating basic and reflexive responses to environmental contingences
D) Fulfilling identity functions

Question 20

Providing individuals with ________ seems to be the best way to raise self-esteem.

A) a series of self-affirmations to repeat each day
B) harsh criticism to inoculate them against insults
C) unconditional positive feedback
D) opportunities for success

Question 21

Repeating the items on a grocery list such as "cheese,bread,soda,canned soup,salad dressing,and paper napkins" over and over again in your mind is an example of what process?

A) rehearsal
B) elongation
C) elaboration
D) reverberation

Question 22

Cory is studying for his psychology exam.According to research on long-term memory,what would be an effective way for Cory to retain the material?

A) rewrite all of his notes
B) think about how it relates to his life
C) visualize his professor teaching the material
D) repeat the material aloud over and over again

Question 23

Individuals who are responsible or shy are sometimes said to be experts in these particular traits.A cognitive personality psychologist in this tradition would describe these so-called experts as individuals who ________.

A) are schematic for these attributes
B) have episodic memories consistent with these traits
C) have possible selves aligned with these traits
D) have self-discrepancies related to these traits

Question 24

Long-term memory is ________.

A) permanent memory storage
B) limited to procedural knowledge only
C) limited to an average of seven bits of information
D) memory storage for around 5 years

Question 25

What is the name of the cognitive structure that contains the declarative self?

A) self-determination center
B) I self
C) self-schema
D) self-esteem

Question 26

Coaches often try to make their athletes believe they have the talent to succeed.What self-related concept are the coaches trying to improve?

A) the feared self
B) self-references
C) self-discrepancies
D) self-efficacy

Question 27

The ________ effect describes the enhancement of long-term memory that comes from relating information to the self.

A) self-enhancement
B) self-consistency
C) self-justification
D) self-reference

Question 28

Mary has just been in a terrible car accident and has lost all memory of the previous year.According to case study research,Mary's self-view will most likely ________.

A) remain in tact and unaffected by her memory loss
B) change significantly after losing her memory
C) change only in how she interacts with others
D) appear to be unchanged but will inevitably change when new memories become more salient

Question 29

Sam is schematic for agreeableness.When he is asked to make judgments about whether he is friendly,kind,and modest,he will ________.

A) take far longer to answer than someone who is aschematic for this trait
B) answer more quickly than someone who is aschematic for this trait
C) answer at about the same speed as someone who is aschematic for this trait
D) become emotionally distressed at the question prompts

Question 30

Imagine that you are trying to teach a classroom of personality students how to better remember the material for an exam.What would likely be the best recommendation that you could make?

A) Do your best to relate the material to something that is personally relevant.
B) Avoid making the material personally relevant to avoid self-related cognitive biases.
C) Make flash cards and repeat the material three times before going to sleep.
D) Highlight relevant passages and do your best to rehearse those passages.

Question 31

What is likely to happen if every morning a person low in self-esteem repeats self-affirmations such as "Every day,in every way,I am getting better and better"?

A) The individual will start to report feeling worse.
B) The individual will start to report increased self-esteem.
C) Nothing will happen, as these interventions do little to change self-esteem.
D) The individual will become slightly more aggressive.

Question 32

In the context of self-knowledge,what is the take home message of the Socrates quote,"know thyself"?

A) The most important aspect of self-knowledge is whether your opinion is good or bad.
B) The most salient of all goals is obtaining high self-esteem.
C) The most salient of all goals is personality continuity.
D) The most important aspect of self-knowledge is the degree to which it is accurate.

Question 33

A study in China showed that information about one's ________ is remembered as well as information about the self.

A) coworkers
B) enemies
C) mother and father
D) romantic partners

Question 34

The desire to maintain the same identity over time is the desire for ________ of the self.

A) continuity
B) strength
C) reliability
D) flexibility

Question 35

________ is the basis behind the idea that our opinions about our capabilities set the limits of what we will attempt.

A) Self-esteem
B) Self-schema
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-reference

Question 36

According to the text,what are possible selves?

A) our various levels on each of the Big Five personality traits
B) the ways in which our identity shifts from childhood to adulthood
C) the various social roles we hold
D) the images we construct of the other ways we might be

Question 37

Which methods are appropriate for identifying self-schema?

A) S data only
B) B data only
C) S data and I data
D) S data and B data

Question 38

Which of the following is the best way to get information into long-term memory?

A) rehearsal
B) elongation
C) elaboration
D) reverberation

Question 39

According to previous research,the ________ the processing of information received,the more likely it will be transferred to LTM.

A) shorter and more simple
B) longer and more complex
C) harder and more stressful
D) easier and more enjoyable

Question 40

According to the text,what does S data capture?

A) what the self-schema contains
B) other people's imposed impressions
C) procedural knowledge
D) long-term memories

Question 41

According to self-discrepancy theory,what emotion arises from discrepancies between ought and actual selves?

A) depression
B) anxiety
C) frustration
D) hostility

Question 42

According to the text,the best advice toward self-knowledge is ________.

A) to be hyper-focused on every thing you do
B) be yourself
C) to judge yourself based on others' impressions of you
D) to be who you wish to be

Question 43

According to the textbook,the ought self resembles Jeffrey Gray's ________ system,whereas the ideal self resembles Gray's ________ system.

A) Go; Stop
B) neuroticism; conscientiousness
C) conscientiousness; neuroticism
D) Stop; Go

Question 44

According to the discussion of self-discrepancy theory,the root of depression is ________,whereas the root of anxiety is ________.

A) disappointment; fear
B) anger; fear
C) anger; frustration
D) disappointment; anger

Question 45

The ________ self is NOT one of the self-relevant schemas that are part of self-discrepancy theory.

A) rejected
B) actual
C) ideal
D) ought

Question 46

What seems to be the connection between accurate self-knowledge and mental health?

A) Self-knowledge is negatively correlated with mental health.
B) There seems to be little connection between self-knowledge and mental health.
C) Accurate self-knowledge seems to be a hallmark of mental health.
D) Mental health leads to self-enhanced self-knowledge.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a motivating need someone has when reporting their desired future selves?

A) self-esteem
B) competence
C) meaning
D) discipline

Question 48

You are only able to observe what you actually did and thought when faced with a particular dilemma.This fact creates problems for which two stages of the realistic accuracy model applied to self-judgments?

A) relevance and detection
B) relevance and utilization
C) availability and utilization
D) availability and detection

Question 49

According to self-discrepancy theory,what emotion arises from discrepancies between ideal and actual selves?

A) fear
B) anxiety
C) depression
D) hostility

Question 50

The clarity of self-concept ________ between young adulthood and middle age and ________ during old age.

A) increases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) stays the same; increases
D) decreases; stays the same

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of the realistic accuracy model?

A) detection
B) utilization
C) relevance
D) accuracy

Question 52

According to the self-discrepancy theory,individuals have ________ kinds of desired selves.

A) two
B) three
C) one
D) many different

Question 53

When people think about their own behavior,they tend to believe that their ________.

A) behavior arises from who they are
B) behavior is the logical response to the situation
C) behavior arises from a chronic pattern of activities
D) "positive" behaviors are always a result of the situation

Question 54

Introspection is relevant to which stage of the realistic accuracy model?

A) detection
B) utilization
C) accuracy
D) relevance

Question 55

According to the text,which stage of the realistic accuracy model seems to have the most important implications for self-knowledge?

A) relevance
B) utilization
C) availability
D) detection

Question 56

Which stage of the realistic accuracy model probably has the fewest limitations when it comes to making self-judgments?

A) relevance
B) utilization
C) availability
D) detection

Question 57

Sarah moved from a small town in Ohio to New York City and has since learned a lot about herself.According to the realistic accuracy model,she has expanded the amount of information available at the ________ stage of the realistic accuracy model (RAM).

A) accuracy
B) utilization
C) relevance
D) detection

Question 58

According to the text,which one is NOT a means to improve your self-knowledge?

A) Use introspection to understand thoroughly who you are.
B) Seek feedback from people who will inform you of what you're really like.
C) Develop a sense of who you would like to be in the future.
D) Observe your own behaviors and draw conclusions from them about who you are.

Question 59

According to the text,the process for gaining accurate self-knowledge is outlined by the ________.

A) self-discrepancy theory
B) realistic accuracy model (RAM)
C) self-concept model
D) evolutionary theory

Question 60

What is a key difference between the ideal self and the ought self?

A) Your ideal self is your view of who you should be friends with, and your ought self is your view of what your occupation is.
B) Your ideal self is your view of the meaning of life, and your ought self is your view of your role in it.
C) Your ideal self is your view of your ideal moral self, and your ought self is your view of your potential in life.
D) Your ideal self is your view of what you could do and your ought self is your view of what you should do.

Question 61

Someone with accurate self-knowledge is also likely to ________.

A) make wise choices about education, occupation, and relationships
B) be high in conscientiousness and openness to experience
C) accurately judge others' personality
D) be psychologically maladjusted

Question 62

According to research described in the text,how is narcissism related to implicit and explicit attitudes?

A) Narcissism might be more evident in those whose implicit self-esteem is low relative to their declarative self-esteem.
B) Narcissism occurs when implicit and declarative self-esteem are both low.
C) Narcissism is unrelated to implicit self-esteem but strongly related to declarative self-esteem.
D) Narcissism is strongly related to implicit self-esteem but unrelated to declarative self-esteem.

Question 63

According to the text,one study found the ________ measures of neuroticism ad extraversion predicted behavior better than ________ measures of these traits.

A) self report; implicit
B) implicit; self-report
C) IAT; implicit
D) IAT; reaction time

Question 64

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
a.Your view of what you should do
b.Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness
c.Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system
d.A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in
e.Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
f.Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
g.Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
h.The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
i.The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
j.Your views about what you could be doing
Working self-concept

Question 65

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
a.Your view of what you should do
b.Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness
c.Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system
d.A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in
e.Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
f.Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
g.Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
h.The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
i.The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
j.Your views about what you could be doing
Self-efficacy

Question 66

Dr.Morse is a psychologist whose current patient wants to become less introverted and more confident.According to what we know about procedural knowledge,what is the first thing Dr.Morse should do to help his patient?

A) motivate his patient to go to a party and talk to a minimum of 5 people
B) provide feedback on how his patient is doing in his or her ongoing efforts
C) instruct his patient to practice mindfulness and truly accept his or her introversion
D) allow his patient to talk freely about his or her social issues

Question 67

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
a.Your view of what you should do
b.Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness
c.Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system
d.A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in
e.Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
f.Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
g.Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
h.The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
i.The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
j.Your views about what you could be doing
Possible selves

Question 68

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
a.Your view of what you should do
b.Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness
c.Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system
d.A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in
e.Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
f.Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
g.Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
h.The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
i.The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
j.Your views about what you could be doing
Self-schema

Question 69

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
a.Your view of what you should do
b.Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness
c.Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system
d.A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in
e.Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
f.Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
g.Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
h.The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
i.The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
j.Your views about what you could be doing
Self-esteem

Question 70

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
a.Your view of what you should do
b.Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness
c.Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system
d.A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in
e.Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
f.Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
g.Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
h.The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
i.The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
j.Your views about what you could be doing
Congruence

Question 71

What term refers to self-schemas based on our past experience that direct how we relate to the important people in our lives?

A) relational self-schema
B) self-in-relationship schema
C) interdependence self-schema
D) interdependent self-schema

Question 72

What is a common criticism of the working self-concept?

A) A coherent sense of self is generally viewed as a hallmark of mental health.
B) Self and informant ratings of personality are generally very similar.
C) Constant fluctuation in one's identity signifies a high ability to adapt to different situations.
D) People do not generally change who they are from situation to situation.

Question 73

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
a.Your view of what you should do
b.Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness
c.Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system
d.A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in
e.Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
f.Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
g.Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
h.The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
i.The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
j.Your views about what you could be doing
The implicit self

Question 74

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
a.Your view of what you should do
b.Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness
c.Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system
d.A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in
e.Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
f.Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
g.Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
h.The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
i.The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
j.Your views about what you could be doing
Relational self

Question 75

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
a.Your view of what you should do
b.Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness
c.Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system
d.A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in
e.Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
f.Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
g.Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
h.The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
i.The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
j.Your views about what you could be doing
The ought self

Question 76

Albert Bandura criticized theories involving multiple selves on what grounds?

A) Existing theories have not identified a representative range of selves.
B) Once you start fractionating the self, there is no clear place to stop.
C) The concept of a self is unnecessary because we should concentrate on observable behavior.
D) There is no good way to measure the self.

Question 77

What is actually measured by the Implicit Association Test?

A) heart rate
B) blood pressure
C) visual tracking
D) reaction time

Question 78

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
a.Your view of what you should do
b.Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness
c.Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system
d.A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in
e.Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
f.Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
g.Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
h.The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
i.The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
j.Your views about what you could be doing
The ideal self

Question 79

Results of Implicit Association Test (IAT)studies indicate that our attitudes and feelings ________.

A) influence our behavior without us knowing why
B) are sometimes incorrect indications of how we will behave
C) change depending on the situation
D) determine our behavior more consistently than our personality

Question 80

According to the text,________ can significantly limit one's self-knowledge.

A) a high school SAT score
B) geography
C) family and culture
D) personality trait scores