Deck 18: Epilogue: Looking Back and Looking Ahead

Question 1

All of the following are approaches to studying personality EXCEPT ________.

A) cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) trait
D) political

Answer 1

D

Question 2

One view of the different approaches to personality psychology is that each one ________.

A) addresses the same basic questions as the other approaches
B) largely addresses different questions about personality
C) makes fundamental advances that surpass the one that preceded it
D) lacks scientific rigor

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to what we know about cross-situational consistency of behavior,if Ted is the most extraverted person in a wedding,he will most likely ________ at a funeral.

A) be the most extraverted person
B) be like everyone else
C) be the least extraverted person
D) act exactly the same

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The ________ approach focuses on rewards and punishment and how behavior is a function of the situation.

A) trait
B) biological
C) humanistic
D) learning

Question 5

According to the text,you should judge an approach to studying personality by its ________.

A) ability to best explain all of the facts about human nature
B) ability to explain unconscious processes
C) usefulness
D) ability to integrate affective and cognitive mechanisms

Question 6

The ________ approach includes a focus on the heritability of some aspects of personality.

A) trait
B) biological
C) humanistic
D) social learning

Question 7

The goal to study the whole person and everything that is important about an individual's psychology is ________.

A) an overwhelming and frankly impossible endeavor
B) only possible in a philosophical sense
C) possible if you consider behavior and cognition together
D) necessary to reach in all research endeavors

Question 8

The ________ approach focuses on individual differences that make every person unique.

A) trait
B) cognitive
C) humanistic
D) learning

Question 9

If a psychologist is interested in understanding the thinking and feeling that underlie behavior,she should take the ________ approach to studying personality.

A) trait
B) humanism
C) cognitive
D) psychoanalytic

Question 10

If a psychologist is interested in understanding how cultural construals of reality shape an individual's behavior,she should take the ________ approach to studying personality.

A) humanistic
B) biological
C) psychoanalytic
D) trait

Question 11

Lizzie has just graduated from college and is in the job market.According to the text,after taking this personality course and reading The Personality Puzzle,what skills does she have that will aid her in her job search?

A) technical and analytical skills
B) organization and time management skills
C) social skills
D) a rich historical understanding of psychological processes

Question 12

If a psychologist is interested in knowing more about the relationship between conscientiousness and health,she should take the ________ approach to studying personality.

A) cognitive
B) humanistic
C) trait
D) psychoanalytic

Question 13

According to the text,behavioral consistency is only accurate when you predict the ________ of several behaviors.

A) most dominate
B) aggregate
C) weakest
D) range

Question 14

If a psychologist is interested in understanding how unconscious thought informs perception of parental involvement,she should take the ________ approach to studying personality.

A) trait
B) psychoanalytic
C) humanistic
D) cognitive

Question 15

Which approach does Funder most closely identify with?

A) cognitive
B) biological
C) trait
D) cross-cultural

Question 16

The ________ approach focuses on moment-to-moment conscious experience,free will,and the ability to choose important aspects of one's reality.

A) trait
B) cognitive
C) humanistic
D) learning

Question 17

The ________ approach emphasizes perception,motivations,and the self.

A) cognitive
B) biological
C) trait
D) cross-cultural

Question 18

Each personality paradigm effectively addresses its own key concerns ________.

A) and has corresponding therapeutic interventions that will change behavior
B) as well as the concerns of the other paradigms
C) and attempts to explain the functioning of the unconscious
D) but tends to ignore pretty much everything else

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria that Funder believes is important for selecting a personality approach to use in your own work?

A) whether the approach is right or wrong
B) whether the approach addresses topics you wish to understand
C) whether you find the approach interesting
D) whether you think you can use the approach to add knowledge to psychology

Question 20

Research from the ________ has demonstrated the consistency of a pattern of thought like pessimism.

A) trait paradigm
B) behavioral paradigm
C) cognitive paradigm
D) psychoanalytic paradigm

Question 21

According to the text,what may be the secret to psychological success?

A) recognizing the points that we are able to make a choice in life
B) to increase our positive affect as much as possible
C) to love and to work
D) to maintain a rich social network

Question 22

According to the text,consistent patterns of behavior are rooted in the following anatomical structures EXCEPT ________.

A) neurotransmitters
B) hormones
C) the brain's frontal lobes
D) skeletal structure

Question 23

According to what we know about memory,most of the brain's activity is ________.

A) conscious
B) conscious or unconscious, depending on the social context
C) neither conscious nor unconscious
D) unconscious

Question 24

Decades of research has shown that John Locke's idea that the human mind is a blank slate at birth is ________.

A) accurate
B) true in the context of personality disorders
C) inaccurate
D) dependent on the area of psychology conducting the research

Question 25

According to the text,it is important to keep in mind that people often belong to ________.

A) predominately one culture
B) a culture for every social context in their lives
C) more than one culture at a time
D) no single culture

Question 26

According to the text,behavioral consistency is limited in the sense that ________.

A) behavior surely changes from one situation to the next
B) personality is biologically determined
C) behavior is always a function of the situation
D) borderline personality disorder limits how well an individual can identify with any one personality

Question 27

Recent cross-cultural research is focused on ________.

A) what people have in common
B) how people are different
C) the difference between individualism and collectivism
D) how people in a particular culture behave

Question 28

A second limitation of behavioral consistency is that the correlation between behavior and
Personality ________.

A) includes a lot of error
B) is inflated
C) is lower than between the situation and behavior
D) is made up

Question 29

According to research on the science of well-being,one should strive to achieve a life with ________.

A) as little stress as possible
B) reasonable and meaningful challenges
C) more stressful experiences than nonstressful experiences
D) many goals that are almost impossible to accomplish

Question 30

The following are examples of the significance of the unconscious mind EXCEPT ________.

A) the presence of Freud's defense mechanisms
B) humans' ability to store large amounts of information in their short-term memory
C) brain damage so severe that people have behaviors they cannot control
D) the ability to prime perceptions, memories and thoughts

Question 31

From a cognitive personality psychology perspective,construal is studied as the origins and consequences of individuals' ________.

A) existential obligation
B) neurotic, self-defeating behavior
C) cultural perspective
D) differing views of reality

Question 32

Why is the relationship between biological structures and personality especially difficult to study?

A) Each biological component interacts with the other components.
B) There isn't sufficient technology to evaluate all structures.
C) There is still a lot about personality that we do not know.
D) Brain structures change dramatically over time.

Question 33

According to the text,psychology tends to ________ free will throughout the scientific process.

A) ignore
B) measure constructs related to
C) always consider
D) control for

Question 34

According to the text,your ________ affect(s)how you feel and what you do,as well as your external world.

A) social status
B) learning environment
C) biology
D) parents

Question 35

Francis is deciding whether or not to take a job in Chicago.According to the chapter,what is Francis confronting right now?

A) a shift in social status
B) an opportunity cost
C) an environmental factor
D) a choice point

Question 36

According to all areas of psychology,it is not things that matter,but ________.

A) our person-environment interaction
B) our early social relationships
C) society's view of things
D) our opinions of things

Question 37

According to the text,what we don't know about the biological roots of personality ________ what we do know.

A) is far less than
B) is equal to
C) is incomparable to
D) is far more than

Question 38

Which area of psychology has established a reasonable way to think about free will?

A) psychoanalysis
B) trait
C) humanism
D) behaviorism

Question 39

Anthony just won the lottery.What advice would a positive psychologist give him to secure his happiness?

A) Spend as much of the money as possible as fast as possible.
B) Invest the money so that that his wealth keeps increasing.
C) Focus on being grateful for the things that he can now afford.
D) Use the money to travel the world.

Question 40

What term is defined as an individual's unique view of the world?

A) construal
B) culture
C) existentialism
D) well-being

Question 41

According to the text,everyone has personality characteristics that,at their extreme,would be labeled as ________.

A) relatively normal
B) another personality trait
C) socially desirable
D) personality disorders

Question 42

Draw on what you have learned about personality psychology to support the argument that the most important choices you make in life are the environments that you select.

Question 43

Match the scientific goal with the associated approach to studying personality.
a.Understanding the heritability and evolutionary basis of behavioral patterns
b.Understanding the unconscious mind and the effects of motivations and conflicts that we are not aware of
c.Understanding moment-to-moment conscious awareness and the ability to experience free will
d.Understanding individual differences and the ways in which we are psychologically unique
e.Understanding basic mental processes relevant to perception, memory, emotion, and motivation
Biological

Question 44

Match the scientific goal with the associated approach to studying personality.
a.Understanding the heritability and evolutionary basis of behavioral patterns
b.Understanding the unconscious mind and the effects of motivations and conflicts that we are not aware of
c.Understanding moment-to-moment conscious awareness and the ability to experience free will
d.Understanding individual differences and the ways in which we are psychologically unique
e.Understanding basic mental processes relevant to perception, memory, emotion, and motivation
Humanistic

Question 45

What are the three most important core themes you learned from the textbook and your personality class? You must clearly justify why these themes are important and why they offer critical insights into human nature.How can these themes be applied to everyday life in terms of understanding your own behavior or the behavior of those around you?

Question 46

Why is labeling at times dangerous?

A) Once a person is labeled, other people may only view the person as the label and not as an individual.
B) Clinical psychologists have a diagnosis to report to insurance companies.
C) It organizes complex patterns of behavior into discrete categories.
D) We are forced to talk about problematic behavior in terms of its label.

Question 47

Match the scientific goal with the associated approach to studying personality.
a.Understanding the heritability and evolutionary basis of behavioral patterns
b.Understanding the unconscious mind and the effects of motivations and conflicts that we are not aware of
c.Understanding moment-to-moment conscious awareness and the ability to experience free will
d.Understanding individual differences and the ways in which we are psychologically unique
e.Understanding basic mental processes relevant to perception, memory, emotion, and motivation
Psychoanalytic

Question 48

Why is labeling often helpful?

A) It helps us measure the Big Five personality traits.
B) It helps us talk about and understand important phenomena.
C) It helps us distinguish between good and bad types of people.
D) It enables clinicians to pathologize their patients.

Question 49

The most effective way to learn about a person is to ________ and ________.

A) watch what she does; listen what she says
B) measure her personality; measure her well-being
C) ask her; ask her friends
D) make observations; form hypotheses

Question 50

Imagine you are asked to give the lecture in Psychology 101 (Introduction to Psychology)that covers personality psychology.You have a very limited amount of time to expose students to this subdiscipline.What are you going to cover? What findings are you going to emphasize and why? You should strive to present cross-cutting themes that cover multiple approaches to personality.

Question 51

According to the text,personality psychology,in the final analysis,is a quest for ________.

A) mutual understanding
B) an existential awakening
C) personal insight
D) an increase in life satisfaction

Question 52

Match the scientific goal with the associated approach to studying personality.
a.Understanding the heritability and evolutionary basis of behavioral patterns
b.Understanding the unconscious mind and the effects of motivations and conflicts that we are not aware of
c.Understanding moment-to-moment conscious awareness and the ability to experience free will
d.Understanding individual differences and the ways in which we are psychologically unique
e.Understanding basic mental processes relevant to perception, memory, emotion, and motivation
Cognitive

Question 53

According to the text,which of the following contribute to an individual's view of reality?

A) biological processes
B) ambitions
C) past experiences
D) all of the above

Question 54

Match the scientific goal with the associated approach to studying personality.
a.Understanding the heritability and evolutionary basis of behavioral patterns
b.Understanding the unconscious mind and the effects of motivations and conflicts that we are not aware of
c.Understanding moment-to-moment conscious awareness and the ability to experience free will
d.Understanding individual differences and the ways in which we are psychologically unique
e.Understanding basic mental processes relevant to perception, memory, emotion, and motivation
Trait

Question 55

Tony frequently gets into fights and is also generally described as hostile and aggressive.What conclusions can we most reasonably draw between his personality and health?

A) His hostile personality puts him into situations that lead to dangerous confrontations.
B) His hostile personality would likely cause him to withdraw and fail to take care of himself.
C) There is probably no relationship between his personality and his physical health.
D) His frequent fighting causes his hostile and aggressive personality, which in turn increases his level of anxiety.

Question 56

Laura always scores extremely high on conscientiousness.According to what we know about the trait of conscientiousness,what is a possible explanation for why Laura will likely live longer than her peers?

A) She always sees the best in everyone she meets.
B) She travels a lot and is always looking for the next adventure.
C) She doesn't smoke and exercises regularly.
D) She is very withdrawn and rarely attends social gatherings.

Question 57

What label describes personality that is both unusual and problematic?

A) neuroticism
B) construal
C) personality disorder
D) consistency

Question 58

Why is it important to maintain an awareness of alternative approaches to the study of personality?

Question 59

Explain how an individual's construal and cultural environment can shape the ways in which he or she views reality.

Question 60

According to the text,labeling personality patterns is both ________ and ________.

A) useful; problematic
B) social; political
C) self-reported; peer-reported
D) harmless; criminal