Deck 4: Perceiving Persons

Question 1

Research by Gray and colleagues (2007)has indicated two dimensions on which people "perceive minds." These dimensions are referred to as

A) depth and breadth.
B) morality and rationality.
C) agency and experience.
D) contextual and focal.

Answer 1

agency and experience.

Question 2

Research on perception of complex action, such as athletic activity, indicates that compared to people who break the event up into gross units, those who break the event up into fine units tend to

A) remember more details about the event.
B) lose sight of the big-picture outcome of the event.
C) rely more on the expectations of others in evaluating the event.
D) enjoy their observation of the event more.

Answer 2

remember more details about the event.

Question 3

As social perceivers, people's impressions of others are

A) formed only after knowing the person for a considerable period of time.
B) uninfluenced by superficial attributes of a person.
C) formed at first encounter and completely unchangeable.
D) influenced by the physical appearance of a person.

Answer 3

influenced by the physical appearance of a person.

Question 4

Based on the research of Todorov and others (2008), which facial expression will be perceived as most trustworthy?

A) U-shaped mouth with raised eyebrows
B) U-shaped mouth with eyebrows forming a V
C) Mouth curled down with raised eyebrows
D) Mouth curled down with eyebrows forming a V

Question 5

In research by Pryor and Merluzzi (1985), the script for a first date

A) was more easily recalled and organized by participants with extensive dating experience.
B) varied widely by gender.
C) varied widely by sexual orientation.
D) was similar across cultures.

Question 6

The process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate objects is called

A) belief perseverance.
B) social perception.
C) nonverbal behavior.
D) mind perception.

Question 7

Andrew tends to view the behavior of others in gross units, whereas Angela tends to break others' behavior down into fine units.Andrew is more likely than Angela to

A) pay more attention to the behavior.
B) detect more meaningful actions.
C) remember fewer details about the behavior.
D) form a more positive impression of an actor.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of mind perception?

A) It only occurs to perception of humans.
B) It occurs for perception of inanimate objects only.
C) The more humanlike the target object, the more likely we are to attribute to it qualities of mind.
D) The less humanlike the target object, the more likely we are to attribute to it qualities of mind.

Question 9

Cross-cultural research on perception of emotion, such as that conducted by Elfenbein and Ambady (2002), indicates that

A) people are uniformly good at perceiving the emotional states of others based on nonverbal cues, regardless of whether perceivers and targets are from the same culture.
B) people are fairly successful at perceiving the emotional states of individuals from other cultures, but we are better at judging emotions of individuals from our own culture.
C) people are actually better at perceiving the emotional states of individuals from other cultures because they are not distracted by language use and other verbal cues.
D) language comprehension plays a central role in the evaluation of emotion.

Question 10

Todd, considered to have a baby face, and Martin, viewed as having more mature features, are both being interviewed for the same position in a bank.Which of the following is the most probable outcome?

A) Because of his more mature features, Martin will be recommended for the position.
B) Todd will be recommended for the position because baby-faced individuals are perceived as more honest.
C) Todd will be recommended for the position because baby-faced individuals are judged as more qualified for employment than mature-faced individuals.
D) Their facial features will not impact the hiring decision, and the more qualified candidate will get the job.

Question 11

Willis and Todorov (2006)showed college students photos of strangers' faces and found which of the following?

A) Participants were unable to rate the personality of the individuals in the photos when they only saw the faces for less than one second.
B) Even when they saw the photos for less than one second, participants' ratings of the faces were highly correlated with the ratings made by others who were allowed to look at the faces for as long as they wanted to.
C) Participants who only saw the faces for less than one second rated the faces as possessing more negative traits than others who were allowed to look at the faces for as long as they wanted to.
D) The longer it took participants to rate each face, the more accurate their ratings were.

Question 12

Behavior that communicates a person's feelings without words is called

A) scripted behavior.
B) fine-unit behavior.
C) perceptually salient behavior.
D) nonverbal behavior.

Question 13

While traveling around the world, Teun shows various people pictures of men and women from his hometown who are smiling and frowning, and he asks these people to infer what emotions the individuals in the pictures are experiencing.According to the research on perceptions of primary emotions, Teun should find that

A) perceptions of the emotions vary widely as a function of the people's culture.
B) perceptions of the emotions are relatively consistent across most cultures.
C) little can be inferred about the emotions unless the behaviors of the individuals in the pictures are also described.
D) little is inferred about the emotions unless the situational contexts of the individuals in the pictures are also described.

Question 14

The study of social perception addresses all of the following except

A) how people explain the behavior of others.
B) how people form impressions of others.
C) the strategies people use to create a positive self-image.
D) the way that expectations can distort reality.

Question 15

All of the following are considered "primary" emotions except

A) sadness.
B) fear.
C) anger.
D) embarrassment.

Question 16

Sam Gosling (2008)found that social perceivers often form impressions of people based on all of the following except

A) objects found in their offices.
B) the pitch of their voices.
C) their Facebook pages.
D) their height.

Question 17

All of the following could be categorized as sources of "raw data" for social perception except

A) a person's physical appearance.
B) knowledge of what situation a person is in.
C) a person's behavior.
D) accounts given by others about a person.

Question 18

Scripts are often culture-specific.This means that

A) there is a great deal of agreement about the order of events across cultures.
B) the more experience one has with a particular behavior, the more successfully one can execute the relevant script.
C) the more general the script is, the greater cross-cultural consistency it has.
D) the same behaviors may be perceived very differently in different cultures.

Question 19

Hassin and Trope's (2000)study of physiognomy found that participants assigned traits to others based on their

A) hair style.
B) facial features.
C) perceived age.
D) perceived race.

Question 20

Fritz is a social psychologist who specializes in studying the processes of social perception.Given this interest, Fritz is least likely to specialize in which of the following research questions?

A) How do employers infer traits and abilities about job candidates based on observing their behavior in a job interview?
B) How do police officers and customs agents make judgments concerning how truthful or deceptive particular individuals are?
C) How are consumers influenced in their choices by the packaging and positioning of different products?
D) How does the performance of athletes vary as a function of their coach's expectations about their ability and potential?

Question 21

The "anger superiority effect" in social perception refers to the finding that

A) people are quicker to look away from an angry face in a crowd than a neutral face.
B) people are quicker to look away from an angry face in a crowd than a happy face.
C) people are quicker to spot an angry face in a crowd than a neutral or happy face.
D) cross-cultural differences in the perception of angry faces are greater than they are for faces with other emotions.

Question 22

A target's "gaze disengagement" tends to lead perceivers to

A) believe that a target is overly confident.
B) rate a target as more physically attractive.
C) have difficulty forming an accurate impression of a target.
D) form a negative impression of a target.

Question 23

Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding.The caterer is 30 minutes late and still hasn't arrived.Colin suggests that the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic.Erin suggests that the caterer is probably disorganized and unreliable.Colin is making a(n)_____attribution, whereas Erin is making a(n)_____ attribution.

A) dispositional; situational
B) situational; personal
C) expected; unexpected
D) correspondent; dispositional

Question 24

Cross-cultural differences in the perception of nonverbal behavior are least prevalent in which of the following types of judgments?

A) Evaluations of emotions and facial features
B) Interpretations of head-nodding and hand signals
C) Preference for personal space
D) Inferences drawn regarding eye contact

Question 25

Jorge watches his friend Nina interacting with others and makes a situational attribution for her behavior.Jorge believes that

A) Nina's behavior is best explained by the circumstances surrounding the encounter.
B) Nina's way of relating to people stems from particular characteristics of her personality.
C) Nina is not acting the way other people would act in the same situation.
D) Nina's actions are not consistent with the social norms governing that particular situation.

Question 26

What do psychologists mean when they describe a judgment of another person as based on "thin slices?"

A) The judgment was thoroughly researched.
B) The judgment was based on a very limited behavior sample.
C) The judgment is probably inaccurate.
D) The judgment was based on a very rich behavior sample.

Question 27

Jerry makes frequent eye contact with the person to whom he is talking.This is most likely to elicit

A) an impression that Jerry is domineering and likes power.
B) an impression that Jerry is insecure and needy.
C) a positive impression if the person to whom Jerry is talking is a friend, and a negative impression if this person is an enemy.
D) a positive impression if the person to whom Jerry is talking is a woman, and a negative impression if this person is a man.

Question 28

What is the adaptive significance of being able to identify the emotion of disgust in others?

A) It motivates us to draw near to the target and promotes affiliation.
B) It helps us to avoid food poisoning.
C) It keeps us from experiencing rejection, which is damaging to the immune system.
D) It helps us to identify food sources.

Question 29

Which part of the brain is activated when we sniff a disgusting odor as well as when we watch others sniffing the disgusting odor?

A) Amygdala
B) Insula
C) Hippocampus
D) Hypothalamus

Question 30

One of the reasons that we are not very successful at detecting deception is because

A) we focus too much attention on nonverbal cues and not enough on verbal cues.
B) we fail to attend to the nonverbal cues that actually signal deception.
C) we are motivated to believe that others are telling the truth.
D) detecting deception is an evolutionary adaptive strategy.

Question 31

Deception is most likely to be detected by attending to which channel of communication?

A) Spoken words
B) Body posture
C) Voice pitch
D) Facial expression

Question 32

A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior is known as

A) attribution theory.
B) correspondent inference theory.
C) information integration theory.
D) the just-world model.

Question 33

The importance of nonverbal behavior when it comes to social perception can be seen by the fact that e-mail messages

A) are often misinterpreted, especially when the writer is trying to be funny or sarcastic.
B) have a stronger emotional impact on those who read them than do voicemail messages.
C) are typically longer than text messages.
D) are the preferred means of communication among younger but not older Americans.

Question 34

Which of the following is supported by research on deception?

A) People are more accurate at detecting deception if they focus on facial expressions rather than voice cues.
B) Police officers and FBI agents are better at detecting deception than most other people.
C) People tend to have an accurate sense of their lie-detecting abilities.
D) People are more accurate at detecting deception if they focus on body movements rather than facial expressions.

Question 35

Which of the following research findings is most consistent with Darwin's hypothesis that the ability to interpret emotion from facial expressions has survival value?

A) People are quicker to recognize angry faces than happy faces.
B) People are better able to interpret emotions from video than still pictures.
C) People are able to identify six primary emotions.
D) People sometimes infer emotions from situations rather than facial expressions.

Question 36

Bella is a teacher who suspects that a student is trying to deceive her.Under which of the following conditions does Bella have the best chance of being accurate in her attempts to detect whether or not the student is lying?

A) Bella reads a written transcript of the student's story.
B) Bella sees a silent video of the student's face as the student tells the story.
C) Bella reads a written transcript of the student's story and sees a silent video of the student's face as the student tells the story.
D) Bella asks the student to recount her story in reverse chronological order.

Question 37

Which of the following has been demonstrated by Henley's (1977)research on touching?

A) Women initiate more touching than men.
B) Men initiate more touching than women.
C) Women initiate more touching than men early in a relationship, but this difference decreases later in the relationship.
D) Lower-status individuals initiate more touching than do higher-status individuals.

Question 38

The purpose of an emoticon is to

A) provide nonverbal cues in written media forms.
B) promote humor in e-mail exchanges.
C) make reading e-mail more interesting.
D) enhance the emotional reaction of the recipient of the e-mail.

Question 39

Research conducted by Hall and colleagues suggests that we tend to believe that dominant people touch others more than do subordinate people, and behavioral data indicate that

A) this expectation is accurate.
B) this expectation leads us to be hesitant to make physical contact during interactions.
C) this expectation is not accurate.
D) this expectation is only accurate regarding male targets, and not for female targets.

Question 40

Charice's boyfriend is late for their date.Charice believes this is because he is thoughtless and self-centered.Charice is making a(n)

A) personal attribution.
B) situational attribution.
C) external attribution.
D) counterfactual attribution.

Question 41

Sophia voted for Barack Obama in the 2008 U.S.Presidential election.She believes that approximately 90 percent of college students also voted for Obama, when in reality that number is much lower.Sophia's overestimation is consistent with

A) the false-consensus effect.
B) the confirmation bias.
C) the self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 42

Carol is asked to rate her husband in terms of how helpful he is with the household chores.Because she cannot think of a single instance of helpful behavior, she gives him a very low rating.Carol relied on _____ to make her judgment.

A) counterfactual thinking
B) the base-rate fallacy
C) the availability heuristic
D) a confirmation bias

Question 43

Stephon knows someone whose brother received a very lucrative contract to play professional basketball for the National Basketball Association (NBA).With this success story in mind, he ignores the statistics that indicate a very low probability that anyone will make it to the NBA and overestimates his own chances of making it.This scenario best illustrates

A) the covariation principle.
B) the base-rate fallacy.
C) non-correspondent inferences.
D) the actor-observer effect.

Question 44

Everyone you know seems to love the TV show The Apprentice.You're a huge fan of reality TV as well, as you never miss an episode of The Amazing Race, American Idol, or Project Runway.But every time you watch The Apprentice, you have the same reaction: you hate it with a passion.According to Kelley's (1967)covariation theory of attribution, your dislike of this show would be

A) high in consensus, low in distinctiveness, and high in consistency.
B) low in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency.
C) high in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and low in consistency.
D) low in consensus, low in distinctiveness, and low in consistency.

Question 45

You are asked what percentage of psychology majors at your school are female.If you answer this question by thinking of how many female psychology majors come to mind quickly, you are relying on the

A) hindsight bias.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) availability heuristic.
D) false-consensus bias.

Question 46

According to correspondent inference theory, correspondent inferences are most likely to occur when a person's behavior is

A) not freely chosen, expected, and results in many desirable outcomes.
B) freely chosen, expected, and results in few desirable outcomes.
C) freely chosen, unexpected, and results in many desirable outcomes.
D) freely chosen, unexpected, and results in few desirable outcomes.

Question 47

Estimates of the probability that an event will happen based on the ease with which one can recall previous instances of this event reflect the

A) base-rate fallacy.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) two-step attribution process.
D) availability heuristic.

Question 48

The system that social perceivers rely on first is

A) intuitive and automatic.
B) rational and controlled.
C) effortful and intuitive.
D) slow and easy.

Question 49

Which of the following reflects the primary question underlying the correspondent inference theory?

A) Do attributions correspond with pre-existing beliefs?
B) Does an individual's beliefs correspond with that individual's behavior?
C) Does an observer infer that an actor's behavior corresponds with the actor's personality?
D) Does an observer infer that an actor's behavior is consistent with that of the observer?

Question 50

According to the covariation principle, a personal attribution is most likely to result when consistency is _____, consensus is _____, and distinctiveness is _____.

A) low; low; low
B) low; high; high
C) high; low; low
D) high; high; high

Question 51

In Kahneman's (2011)work on judgment and decision making, System 1 is to _____ as System 2 is to _____.

A) easy; effortful
B) effortful; easy
C) accurate; inaccurate
D) inaccurate; accurate

Question 52

When _____ is low, it is difficult for the perceiver to attribute behavior to either the person or the stimulus; instead, the best that can be said is that the behavior was caused by transient circumstances.

A) consensus
B) distinctiveness
C) expectedness
D) consistency

Question 53

Lindy is trying to decide whether or not Marisa's behavior is dispositional.If Lindy relies on correspondent inference theory, she would consider all of the following factors except

A) whether Marisa freely chose the behavior.
B) whether Marisa knew she was being observed during the behavior.
C) if Marisa's behavior was expected given the situation.
D) the intended consequences of Marisa's behavior.

Question 54

According to correspondent inference theory, in which of the following situations would a personal attribution be most appropriate?

A) Serena, a professor, helps students during her office hours.
B) Sally, a naval officer, salutes when her commanding officer enters the room.
C) Sam, a wealthy athlete, is ordered by the court to attend a drug rehabilitation program.
D) Steve, a world-renowned playboy, joins a monastery and takes a vow of celibacy.

Question 55

According to the covariation principle, a situational attribution is most likely to result when consistency is _____, consensus is _____, and distinctiveness is _____.

A) low; low; low
B) low; high; high
C) high; low; low
D) high; high; high

Question 56

Participants in one study rated fictional food additives that were more difficult to pronounce as more hazardous to health.These results demonstrate that

A) people tend to fear things that sound unfamiliar.
B) people prefer to eat things that they have heard of.
C) people underestimate their own fears and anxieties.
D) people are unlikely to eat something that they can't pronounce.

Question 57

The base-rate fallacy reflects

A) a failure to use consensus information.
B) a failure to use consistency information.
C) the actor-observer effect.
D) an excessive reliance on situational attributions.

Question 58

Which of the following is not one of the ways in which your text describes social perceivers as differing?

A) Individuals vary in the degree to which they believe behavior is caused by fixed versus malleable characteristics.
B) Some individuals are more likely than others to process new information in ways that are colored by self-serving motives.
C) Some individuals make attributions and others do not.
D) All of these are ways in which social perceivers differ.

Question 59

Kelley's theory of attribution suggests that, in trying to discern personal characteristics from behavioral evidence, people

A) behave like scientists and engage in informal experiments.
B) use cognitive heuristics improperly.
C) usually attribute behavior to both personal and situational factors.
D) fail to adequately consider consensus information.

Question 60

In Jones and Davis's correspondent inference theory, observers trying to infer whether a particular behavior corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of the actor would ask all of the following questions except,

A) Did the behavior violate any social norms?
B) What were the consequences of the behavior?
C) What is the actor's perception of the behavior?
D) Did the actor freely choose to perform the behavior?

Question 61

LeBron is eating at a restaurant on a first date when his date spills spaghetti all over his lap.Which of the following conclusions would LeBron be most likely to draw if he commits the fundamental attribution error?

A) His date gets nervous on first dates.
B) His date is a slob.
C) His date is even more attractive than he originally thought.
D) His date is even less attractive than he originally thought.

Question 62

The tendency to mentally undo events or to ask "What if…?" is called

A) base-rate fallacy.
B) attribution.
C) counterfactual thinking.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 63

According to Gilbert's two-step model of social perception, distraction should make the fundamental attribution error more likely to happen because it

A) discourages personal attributions, but has little effect on situational attributions.
B) inhibits perceivers from using distinctiveness information, but allows them to take consistency information into account.
C) does not interfere with the automatic process of making personal attributions, but does interfere with the more difficult process of making adjustments for situational factors.
D) changes the interrelationship between the figure and the background in social perception.

Question 64

Vito finished first in the school spelling bee, Fabrizio finished second, and Luigi finished third.The first-place winner gets a cash prize and the opportunity to compete at the regional spelling bee, but the others get nothing.Which of the following is most likely to occur?

A) Fabrizio will engage in more counterfactual thinking than Luigi.
B) Luigi will engage in more counterfactual thinking than Fabrizio.
C) Fabrizio and Luigi will engage in counterfactual thinking to about the same extent, but more so than Vito.
D) Fabrizio and Luigi will engage in counterfactual thinking to about the same extent, but less so than Vito.

Question 65

In the Jones and Harris (1967)study, participants read essays presumably written by another student that had either been assigned or chose to write in support of a particular position.Which of the following statements is consistent with the findings of this study?

A) Participants were more likely to infer the student's attitude from the essay if they believed it was a chosen topic rather than assigned.
B) Participants were more likely to infer the student's attitude from the essay if they believed it was an assigned topic rather than chosen.
C) Participants were more likely to infer the student's attitude from the essay if it agreed with their own.
D) Participants did not infer the student's attitude from the essay at all if it was an assigned topic.

Question 66

Research on motivational biases suggests that if you are a people person, you will

A) be a better leader than if you are a task-oriented person.
B) be a worse leader than if you are a task-oriented person.
C) value social skills more in leaders than if you are task-oriented.
D) value social skills less in leaders than if you are task oriented.

Question 67

Based on research on counterfactual thinking, in which of the following scenarios is Jamal most likely to wonder what life might have been like had he been richer?

A) Financially, Jamal is in the upper-middle class. His parents were slightly wealthier.
B) Financially, Jamal is in the upper-middle class. His parents were lower-middle class.
C) Financially, Jamal is in the working class. His parents were also working class.
D) Financially, Jamal is in the middle class. His parents were extremely rich.

Question 68

The "Quiz Show" study by Ross and colleagues found that in judging the general knowledge of the contestant and questioner,

A) observers fell victim to the fundamental attribution error, but the questioner and contestant did not.
B) participants did not fall victim to the fundamental attribution error because they knew that the quiz show roles were assigned at random.
C) observers and even contestants fell victim to the fundamental attribution error.
D) men were more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error than women.

Question 69

According to the two-step model of the attribution process, people make an

A) automatic first step of weighing situational and personal attributions equally, and then an effortful second step of considering the initial inference.
B) automatic first step of making a personal attribution, and then an effortful second step of considering situational factors.
C) effortful first step of weighing situational and personal attributions equally, and then an automatic second step of making a dispositional inference.
D) automatic first step of making a situational attribution, and then an effortful second step of considering personal factors.

Question 70

Research suggests that people seem to commit the fundamental attribution error

A) only if they use the availability heuristic to make attributions.
B) only if they are unaware of the actor's feelings about the particular behavior.
C) even when they attempt to explain their own behavior.
D) even when they are aware of the situational constraints of the behavior.

Question 71

Britney wonders if she would have been happier had she married Justin instead of Kevin.This illustrates

A) counterfactual thinking.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) false-consensus bias.

Question 72

You hear Tiger Woods doing a radio commercial for Buick.Even though you know that Woods did not write the commercial himself, was paid to provide the voice-over for the commercial, and probably does not drive a Buick in real life, you still think that at some level, at least, Woods must think highly of Buicks.This is an example of

A) actor-observer effect.
B) false-consensus bias.
C) availability heuristic.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 73

According to research by Dunning and Balcetis (2010), participants who were thirsty

A) estimated that a bottle of water across the table was closer than participants who were quenched estimated.
B) estimate that a bottle of water across the table was farther than participants who were quenched estimated.
C) drank more of a bottle of water than did participants who were quenched.
D) made harsher judgments of a target person than did participants who were quenched.

Question 74

Which of the following has been demonstrated by research examining the role of culture in the attribution process?

A) Children reared in Western cultures are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than those reared in Eastern cultures.
B) Children reared in Western cultures are less likely to make the fundamental attribution error than those reared in Eastern cultures.
C) Adults in Western cultures are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than those in Eastern cultures.
D) Adults in Western cultures are less likely to make the fundamental attribution error than those in Eastern cultures.

Question 75

The study by Balcetis and Dunning (2006)in which participants thought that they were taking part in a taste-testing experiment showed that?

A) People tend to see what they want to see.
B) People prefer orange juice to greenish drink.
C) People's perceptions are objective analyses of the facts.
D) People are unlikely to make self-serving attributions.

Question 76

Research using bicultural participants, such as China-born students attending college in the U.S., indicates that

A) attributional style is dictated by the culture in which one is born and does not vary much due to cultural influences later in life.
B) at some point such individuals completely abandon the attributional tendencies of their nation of origin and replace them with the tendencies of their new country of residence.
C) people can simultaneously hold differing cultural worldviews, either of which can influence attributional tendencies depending on the situation.
D) All of these

Question 77

Suppose an experiment was conducted where people were asked to watch a political debate between two candidates that had been previously judged by political pundits to have been a tie.Half of the participants saw a videotape of the debate where the camera focused on candidate A.The other half of the participants saw a videotape of the debate where the camera focused on candidate B.It is likely that

A) the majority of the participants declared the debate a tie.
B) both groups saw candidate A as victorious.
C) the group that viewed candidate A thought she was victorious, whereas the group that viewed candidate B thought he was victorious.
D) the group that viewed candidate A thought candidate B was victorious, whereas the group that viewed candidate B thought candidate A was victorious.

Question 78

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute

A) one's own behavior to personal factors rather than to the situation.
B) one's own behavior to the situation rather than to personal factors.
C) another person's behavior to personal factors rather than to the situation.
D) another person's behavior to situational factors rather than to personal factors.

Question 79

According to Medvec's research on counterfactual thinking among Olympic medalists, which of the following is true?

A) Bronze and silver medalists are equally likely to think "What if I had won the gold?"
B) Silver medalists are happier with their standing than bronze medalists, because silver medalists think about how they could have done worse and received the bronze.
C) Silver medalists are less happy with their standing than bronze medalists, because silver medalists think about how they could have done better and won the gold.
D) Bronze medalists are envious of silver medalists.

Question 80

Miller (1984)examined the attributions of American and Indian participants and found that

A) no cultural differences emerged with young children, but among adults, Americans were more likely to make personal attributions, and Indians were more likely to make situational attributions.
B) no cultural differences emerged with young children, but among adults, Americans were more likely to make situational attributions, and Indians were more likely to make personal attributions.
C) among young children, Americans were more likely to make personal attributions, and Indians were more likely to make situational attributions; no cultural differences emerged with adult participants.
D) among young children, Americans were more likely to make situational attributions, and Indians were more likely to make personal attributions; no cultural differences emerged with adult participants.