Deck 9: Motor Behavior

Question 1

Motor learning is the study of how individuals learn skilled movements from practice or experience.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Motor control is the study of the neurologic, physiologic, and behavioral aspects of movement and how our brain and spinal cord plan and perform those movements.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Motor behavior is the understanding of how the body develops, controls, and learns movement skills that individuals use in physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic competition.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Most of the prominent information in motor development came from observing the activities of infants and their changes in reflexes, movements, and feeding behaviors on a day-to-day basis.

Question 5

Franklin Henry developed the memory drum theory and is often considered the "Father of motor skills research."

Question 6

In the area of motor development, longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of individuals or groups of individuals are less prevalent than in the areas of motor learning and motor control.

Question 7

Older adults respond to a greater extent than younger adults to the intervention and practice of motor skills.

Question 8

An indirect measurement of how long it takes for an individual to process the information involved in making a decision and to respond is referred to as reaction time.

Question 9

During sport and athletic competitions, anticipating a movement by an opponent increases the time required by an athlete to respond to a movement by an opponent.

Question 10

Age-associated reductions in cardiovascular function lead to lower oxygen levels in the brain and high levels of cardiovascular fitness, and regular aerobic exercise can slow or retard cognitive declines because of an increased oxygen delivery to the brain.

Question 11

In sport activities, a practice session that does not sufficiently challenge the individual enhances practice performance but restricts learning of the skill.

Question 12

The recruitment of motor units during movement is responsible for the motor patterns that are executed and the force generated by a muscle during contraction.

Question 13

The closed-loop theory suggests that body movements are completely preplanned prior to the initiation of the movement.

Question 14

The process of scaling involves modifying equipment to meet the age and skill level of the participant involved in the sport.

Question 15

Although specific exercises cannot stop the progression of Parkinson disease, improving muscle strength through physical activity and exercise can help an individual feel more confident and capable in his/her movements.

Question 16

Fluid intelligence is a measure of the state of the brain, because it is a measure of an individual's ability to make new and unique connections.

Question 17

As the complexity of the response decreases, the reaction time of the individual also decreases.

Question 18

Information processing can be influenced by various factors that cause reaction time to increase or decrease.

Question 19

Moving information from long-term memory to short-term memory signifies information moving from the working memory to the permanent memory.

Question 20

Participation in a regular physical activity can result in an improvement in cognitive function.

Question 21

A low degree of contextual interference can be established by having the individual practice several different skills during the same practice session.

Question 22

Until an individual is experienced at a movement task or skill, high levels of contextual interference may be detrimental to the efficient learning of the skill.

Question 23

As task difficulty increases, the quality of game performance also increases.

Question 24

As practice organization becomes more complex and challenging, it leads to better practice performance but inferior retention performance.

Question 25

Activities that are not developmentally appropriate for a child or an adult may lead to ineffective results and discouragement of the participant.

Question 26

__________ is the study of change in motor behavior over a life span and the various processes which underlie these changes.

A) Motor development
B) Motor control
C) Motor learning
D) Motor knowledge

Question 27

The concept of bioelectricity and how it controls muscle movement was formulated by:

A) Claudius Galen.
B) Rene Descartes.
C) Luigi Galvani.
D) Coleman Griffith.

Question 28

During the period of infancy, the development of __________ is important to establish the foundation for normal growth and development.

A) reaching and grasping
B) early speech
C) voice recognition
D) face recognition

Question 29

Common fundamental movement patterns during __________ involve specific movements such as walking, running, jumping, and throwing.

A) infancy
B) childhood
C) adolescents
D) young adulthood

Question 30

The widening of the gap in motor performance between boys and girls during adolescence is:

A) infancy.
B) childhood.
C) adolescents.
D) young adulthood.

Question 31

This period marks a transition from refining fundamental movement abilities to the establishment of transitional movement skills to simple games and athletic skills.

A) Infancy
B) Childhood
C) Adolescents
D) Young adulthood

Question 32

Decreases in performance commonly begin to occur in cardiorespiratory function, muscular function, and psychomotor function at around __________ years of age.

A) 30-40
B) 40-50
C) 50-60
D) 60-70

Question 33

Which of the following maturation changes is most likely to provide males with advantages in physical performance over females?

A) Higher level of body fat percentage
B) Lower center of gravity
C) Larger shoulder girdle
D) Wider pelvic girdle

Question 34

Information about successful completion of a movement skill requires three stages, the first of which is:

A) response programming.
B) stimulus recognition.
C) response selection.
D) cognitive learning.

Question 35

When individuals move information about a movement learned during practice from short-term to long-term memory store, the process is called:

A) selective attention.
B) decoding.
C) encoding.
D) stimulus recognition.

Question 36

In those individuals with limited experience of a particular motor skill or activity, high levels of contextual interference during practice of the skill will __________ learning of the skill.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) increase and then decrease
D) have no effect on

Question 37

The appropriate amount of time between when a skill is performed and when the knowledge of results is provided depends on the:

A) summary knowledge of results.
B) fading knowledge of results.
C) task complexity.
D) knowledge of the outcome.

Question 38

Inexperienced individuals perform better during both practice and competition if the summary knowledge of results is:

A) short and direct.
B) combined with cognitive tasks.
C) given prior to practice.
D) discussed with the complete team.

Question 39

__________ is defined as the difficulty of the motor problem an individual must resolve to successfully complete a motor task relative to the performance abilities of the individual performing the task.

A) Contextual interference
B) Task complexity
C) Challenge point
D) Relative task difficulty

Question 40

The __________ is the area of the brain in humans that serves to coordinate complex voluntary movements, posture, and balance.

A) cerebellum
B) basal ganglia
C) motor cortex
D) peripheral motor neurons

Question 41

The __________ is comprised of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that the motor neuron innervates.

A) cerebrum
B) basal ganglia
C) peripheral nervous system
D) central nervous system