Deck 11: Human Resource Management and Labor Relations

Question 1

Cadrent Company is a very successful insurance company. Its CEO is excited about the company's prospects and directs the technology team to begin creating a new technology platform that Cadrent will market as a new product line. The CEO begins diverting funds and resources away from insurance operations and into the new platform. Which stage of organizational decline does this best represent?

A) grasping for salvation
B) span of technology
C) capitulation to irrelevance
D) undisciplined pursuit of more
E) hubris born of success

Answer 1

undisciplined pursuit of more

Question 2

Watertek Industries has been losing money at a rapidly increasing rate over the past few years. Although the company has avoided acquisitions in the past, a member of the senior leadership team is pushing for an expensive acquisition of one of Watertek's competitors. She feels like the purchase will lead to a quick return to profitability for the company. Which stage of organizational decline does this situation best represent?

A) loss of collective control
B) grasping for salvation
C) capitulation to death
D) undisciplined pursuit of more
E) new rites and rituals

Answer 2

grasping for salvation

Question 3

Zander Company is holding its annual company meeting. During the question-and-answer session, one of the employees asks the CEO about the poor financial figures that were reported for the year. The CEO has seen some negative indicators within the company but explains that the numbers are very misleading. He states that early projections on their new product line are favorable and should make the next year a profitable one. Which stage of organizational decline does this best represent?

A) grasping for salvation
B) division of labor
C) hubris born of success
D) irrelevant stories and heroes
E) denial of risk and peril

Answer 3

denial of risk and peril

Question 4

What would be the most likely outcome if a company continued to ignore the warning signs of organizational decline through the first four stages?

A) It will need to file for bankruptcy.
B) It will need to shift to a decentralized authority.
C) It will need to overstate its financial figures.
D) It will need to overreach into a product line.
E) It will need to hire a new management team.

Question 5

Toshsung manufactures high-end technology products to consumers. Leadership has noticed the company is losing a lot of business due to an influx of more economical options from its competitors. As a result, Toshsung is exploring the addition of a budget-friendly product line. Which form of organizational change does this best represent?

A) organizational identity
B) structure
C) strategy
D) technology
E) collective commitment

Question 6

Shinetime Manufacturing has spent the year eliminating numerous mid-level managers, supervisors, and team leads. The company has most likely committed to which form of organizational change?

A) structure
B) delegation
C) people
D) strategy
E) heroes

Question 7

DOA Pharmaceuticals is moving from an assembly line production system to one that utilizes separate processing rooms. This will enable the company to save money on production compared to its competitors. Which form of organizational change does this best represent?

A) people
B) technology
C) rituals
D) structure
E) decentralization

Question 8

Sales have been lagging at Dust-up Cleaning Supply Company over the past year. Management wants to drive an increase in performance during the next fiscal year by adjusting the company's organizational structure. Which action would best help them achieve their goal?

A) updating their assembly line computer system
B) providing skills and attitude training for their employees
C) shifting responsibility for maintenance of their ERP
D) adding new features to their top-selling products
E) eliminating middle layers of management and using electronically linked work teams

Question 9

The management at Craftmine Company wants to analyze the company to make positive improvements each year. They should start by

A) creating a plan for increasing production.
B) conducting a review to analyze problems.
C) updating its current list of stories.
D) reviewing its departmental span of control.
E) obtaining a buy-in from leadership.

Question 10

Five Second Rule Catering is changing the company's assembly process. It will require its production team to make significant changes to their process. How can the company best overcome any resistance from the team?

A) by implementing a new division of labor for senior employees
B) by revising its current list of stories and symbols
C) by hiring an external vendor to assist with increased staffing
D) by creating weekly recognition parties to celebrate success
E) by discussing the potential for hubris of success

Question 11

Car-Car Travel Company has noticed a problem with its accounts payable system and created a list of potential solutions. The company's next course of action would be to

A) create a new employee recognition program.
B) ensure buy-in from senior leadership.
C) update current department rights and rituals.
D) solicit employees for additional issues.
E) delegate planning to project management.

Question 12

Teamsport Company realizes it has a problem with its inventory management system and is causing significant production delays. Senior leadership organizes a team to analyze and solve the problem. Which example represents the best course of action for the team?

A) update the chain of command to reflect the new project responsibilities
B) ensure they have the support of the department manager
C) discuss a plan for overcoming potential employee concerns related to the project
D) create stories that detail the problem
E) brainstorm potential solutions

Question 13

Madhen Industries is planning to make significant changes to its shipping and receiving department. Once leadership has approved the change, how should the shipping and receiving supervisors proceed?

A) implement plan to flatten departmental hierarchy
B) ensure a wider span of control in the department
C) create a list of alternate solutions
D) prepare to overcome potential resistance from employees
E) update department rites and rituals

Question 14

Brakefast Company believes in working while saving the environment. The company asks its employees to sign documents digitally rather than using hard copies. Brakefast is socializing its culture by using

A) strategy.
B) symbols.
C) rites and rituals.
D) heroes and outcomes.
E) social-system stability.

Question 15

Cardinal Motors spends one week every year giving back to the community through a variety of employee-run volunteering events. This best represents the ________ aspect of culture socialization.

A) rights and rituals
B) cultural socialization
C) symbols
D) heroes
E) collective commitment

Question 16

Covington Industries has asked you to enhance the company's new employee orientation program. How could you best accomplish this using the concept of stories?

A) by having a member of human resources describe the great benefits at Covington to new employees
B) by having the president describe how Covington's first leader successfully brought an important new product to market to new employees
C) by having the CFO discount any negative data included in the last annual report
D) by having a group of veteran employees describe Covington's annual employee recognition events
E) by having a hiring manager describe "a day in the life" in different departments at Covington to new employees

Question 17

Collective commitment is best defined as the

A) pride employees feel from being part of a company.
B) knowledge that all decisions are made by mid-level management.
C) understanding of what a company does.
D) sense that you are treated fairly by a company.
E) belief that the company's leaders will do what is right.

Question 18

Chi has successfully completed some mandatory training required by her employer. She knows she will be recognized and rewarded in the same manner as her coworkers who have gone through the same training. This can be classified under which effect of an organization's culture?

A) social-system stability
B) hero identity
C) centralized goals
D) collective commitment
E) rites and rituals

Question 19

Napier Company provides technology solutions to small, independently owned businesses in the Midwest. By sharing this mission with its employees, Napier can positively impact which aspect of its culture?

A) hubris born of success
B) stories
C) goal understanding
D) collective commitment
E) capitulation to irrelevance

Question 20

How would an organization go about enhancing its culture from the perspective of social-system stability?

A) provide regular updates regarding the company's past and projected performance
B) offer developmental rotations for all interested employees
C) add a group of work specialists to its division of labor
D) have management share stories regarding how proud they are to work for the company
E) share an overview of their target customers with all new employees during orientation

Question 21

Which is the best example of organizational identity?

A) Your employer is adding a uniform performance rating system to fairly evaluate employees.
B) Your coworkers all feel a sense of pride and commitment towards your employee.
C) Your employer is planning a series of groundbreaking product launches in the next year.
D) Your coworkers will be treated to annual picnics and recognition ceremonies by your employer.
E) Your employer puts a limit on the number of people who can report to a manager.

Question 22

Timir is hired to work at as a manager for Flaxon Corporation. He is responsible for providing daily reports on his team's performance to his manager. This best represents the concept of

A) centralized authority.
B) delegation.
C) responsibility.
D) span of control.
E) accountability.

Question 23

Channa has been employed by Overwatched Games for the past year and is required to accurately perform inventory counts and other duties as requested by her manager. This best represents the concept of

A) responsibility.
B) division of labor.
C) hierarchy of authority.
D) authority.
E) accountability.

Question 24

Aja is a manager with JXL Company. Aja knows that he is empowered to make decisions regarding hiring and terminations for employees working on his team. This best represents the concept of

A) division of labor.
B) span of control.
C) authority.
D) accountability.
E) decentralization.

Question 25

Srinivas' Pet Emporium sells exotic pets to its customers. Srinivas has recently hired a new employee and assigned him the task of finding and implementing a new invoicing system. What will the employee need to carry out this assignment?

A) accountability for the hiring of new line manager to manage the invoicing team
B) span of control over a limited number of employees from the invoicing team
C) approval from Srinivas regarding the implantation plan
D) responsibility to determine which vendors to contact for pricing
E) authority to make decisions regarding the new system

Question 26

Seren owns a string of breweries located in the state of Wisconsin and hires Lindsay to be her brew master. Lindsay is responsible for determining what to brew and how to go about ensuring the day-to-day tasks are completed appropriately. Lindsay delegates much of these tasks to her line managers who hire staff-level personnel that complete the brewing, bottling, and shipping tasks. In this situation, who would be ultimately accountable to Seren regarding the various brewing responsibilities?

A) the Board of Directors
B) the staff-level personnel
C) Lindsay
D) the line managers
E) Seren

Question 27

Tenor Instruments is a small company that creates handcrafted musical instruments. The company hires specialists who are each responsible for creating a different part of the instruments. This example illustrates the concept of

A) centralized authority.
B) division of labor.
C) responsibility.
D) span of control.
E) decentralized authority.

Question 28

Krayt Logistics doubles its workforce each year for the holiday rush. To simplify its training process, the company hires individuals to work on specific tasks like receiving, packaging, shipping, and invoicing. This example describes the concept of

A) work specialization.
B) division of authority.
C) narrow span of control.
D) accountability.
E) delegation.

Question 29

What is an advantage of work specialization?

A) reduces boredom and job dissatisfaction amongst employees
B) facilitates greater efficiency of complex work tasks
C) allows workers to specialize in more than one key skill
D) eliminates the need for wider spans of control in the organization
E) enables employees to perform multiple tasks for the firm

Question 30

Bactacorp is a healthcare organization responsible for creating wheelchairs. The company hires a consultant to conduct a production study. The consultant first asked production employees to create their wheelchairs independently. The consultant then created small teams where one employee assembled frames, one person added the handles and footrests, and another added the wheels. The consultant noted that by working independently, employees could produce one to four wheelchairs per day while the small team could create more than ten per day. This scenario demonstrates that

A) specialization requires a company to eliminate positions.
B) eliminating division of labor is more rewarding to employees.
C) employees should be experts at all tasks even if they are only responsible for one task.
D) employees are more efficient if they master one task rather than many.
E) division of labor decreases overall output.

Question 31

The president of Seeger's Soda company wants to optimize the organizational chart to ensure that the company's managers do not have too many people reporting to them. By doing this, the president believes that the company will be well-positioned to meet its annual financial goals. This demonstrates the concept of

A) responsibility.
B) decentralized authority.
C) narrow span of control.
D) authority.
E) work specialization.

Question 32

Fiddlestix Company has experienced rapid growth over the past year. During the annual company meeting, employees expressed frustration regarding their responsibilities. Many of the employees are confused as to which employees are responsible for which task and when they are expected to complete them. The assignment of work to subordinates is referred to as

A) span of control.
B) delegation.
C) centralization.
D) authority.
E) accountability.

Question 33

What structural characteristic of an organization does work specialization fall under?

A) span of control
B) delegation
C) accountability
D) division of labor
E) authority

Question 34

Pendleton Company has a small marketing department made up of remote employees. The marketing manager works from the corporate headquarters and the remote employees report directly to him. This example represents a ________ span of control.

A) wide
B) decentralized
C) hierarchical
D) narrow
E) strategic

Question 35

ZomBee Honey has a rapidly growing production team. There are three managers on the team and each manager has more than twenty employees reporting to them. This best describes the concept of

A) centralized authority.
B) narrow span of control.
C) wide span of control.
D) modular authority.
E) production economy.

Question 36

Give Charities has over 200 employees in its call center. Currently there are 20 team leads who supervise approximately 10 employees each. Give decides to eliminate half of the supervisors and double its number of direct reports.
What will happen if the company makes this move?

A) The hierarchy of authority will become irrelevant.
B) The span of control will widen.
C) There will be less accountability from the team leads.
D) The chain of command will become centralized.
E) The span of control will narrow.

Question 37

Windy is a manager with Olly's Plastic Tote Company. Each morning he comes in and writes a list of tasks for each of his direct reports to complete that day. This best describes the concepts of

A) matrix of control.
B) centralization.
C) accountability.
D) delegation.
E) span of control.

Question 38

Agnes and Patel are HR Managers with Ciara Manufacturing. Both managers share responsibility for consulting to the production managers on human resources-related issues. Agnes and Patel would be best described as

A) subordinate personnel.
B) staff personnel.
C) delegate managers.
D) decentralized personnel.
E) line managers.

Question 39

Tristan and Tyreek are managers in the shipping and receiving department at Snowman's Top Hat Company. They are responsible for hiring, firing, and overall performance against goals within the department. Their roles would be best described as

A) line managers.
B) centralized managers.
C) line personnel.
D) staff personnel.
E) chain managers.

Question 40

Which is the best example of a line manager role?

A) Chief Financial Officer responsible for advising the company on budget-related issues
B) Production Manager responsible for leading an assembly team and setting output goals
C) Inventory Specialist responsible for recommending cost-effective materials options
D) Maintenance Manager responsible for researching new cleaning supplies for the company
E) Human Resources Consultant responsible for providing advice relating to employee issues in the marketing department

Question 41

Centralized authority can be seen in a company

A) with a wide chain of command.
B) with a limited staff personnel presence.
C) that allows supervisors to make important decisions.
D) that outsources parts of its production process.
E) where important decisions are made by upper management.

Question 42

The senior leadership team at Brigsby's Clock Emporium prefers to make all important decisions regarding the company's operations. Brigsby's is most likely using a ________ authority.

A) centralized
B) staff personnel
C) decentralized
D) line management
E) functional

Question 43

King in the Box is a large national fast-food chain. The leadership team at corporate headquarters requires each store to utilize the same menus and the same supply vendors. Any sale or promotion decisions also come to the individual restaurants from the corporate leadership team. This is an example of a

A) decentralized authority.
B) hybrid structure.
C) centralized authority.
D) narrow span of control.
E) division of labor.

Question 44

Toppling Waters creates bottled water for consumption across the country. Senior leadership knows that different parts of the country have different water conditions, so they allow their regional directors to decide on their water sources and purification techniques. Toppling Waters is an example of a company using a ________ authority.

A) decentralized
B) matrix
C) hybrid
D) centralized
E) departmentalized

Question 45

Prisca is expanding her business and believes in decentralized authority. Which example would best describe this concept?

A) She requires line managers to advise staff personnel of all decisions.
B) She utilizes a consultant to help make important decisions during periods of growth.
C) She directs all decisions that impact the company to flow through her.
D) She empowers her line managers to make decisions without consulting her.
E) She enables staff personnel to delegate important decisions to employees.

Question 46

What is a benefit of departmentalization?

A) It widens the span of control.
B) It enhances a firm's rites and rituals.
C) It improves collective commitment.
D) It simplifies management.
E) It eliminates the need for staff personnel.

Question 47

In an effort to simplify the organizational structure at Stamper Oil, the CEO makes the decision to separate the organizations into small groups based on their responsibilities. The new groups include operations, billing, shipping, and purchasing. This best demonstrates the concept of

A) decentralization.
B) span of control.
C) organizational identity.
D) departmentalization.
E) chain of command.

Question 48

Bleeding Ears Music Company has experienced rapid growth over the past year. The owner has decided to divide the overall employee population into different functional groups like accounting, sales, shipping, and production. This best demonstrates the concept of

A) hierarchy of authority.
B) departmentalization.
C) accountability.
D) division of labor.
E) centralized authority.

Question 49

The owner at KOTAKORP currently has marketing, finance, accounting, sales, and human resources employees reporting directly to him. He hires a consultant to review the organization and make suggestions for improvement. She suggests that the owner go through the process of departmentalization. How should the owner proceed?

A) He should require that all important decisions be made solely by him going forward.
B) He should separate the employees into units based on their teams.
C) He should move most of the line managers into staff personnel roles.
D) He should implement a wider span of control for himself.
E) He should create a new chain of command for his employees.

Question 50

Preston is responsible for leading the process of departmentalization at Dotty's Dumpling Shop. The owner asks him to use a principal means of departmentalization. He should departmentalize by

A) accountability.
B) authority.
C) product.
D) function.
E) process.

Question 51

Alvin's Antique Company is structured by function. What would most likely be true in this example?

A) The organization would be divided by work specialties.
B) The staff personnel would have a narrow span of control.
C) The chain of command would be based on geographic region.
D) The line managers would have limited authority.
E) The organization would be divided by customer groups.

Question 52

Which scenario describes an organization that is departmentalized by occupational specialty?

A) a video game company that assigns its developers to teams based on the game like action, sports, or strategy
B) an insurance company that assigns its sales team to different consumer groups like individual, commercial, or government
C) an automobile manufacturer that assigns professional employees to teams based on their previous experiences like marketing, accounting, or project management
D) a consulting firm that assigns its employees based on their location like north, south, or west
E) a clothing company that assigns employees based on the work they will do cutting, sewing, or ironing

Question 53

Which category isnot one of the four divisional structure groupings?

A) geographic region
B) work process
C) industry
D) occupational specialty
E) customer group

Question 54

Against the Grain Bread Company chooses to group the organization by divisions located in the eastern and western United States, Canada, and Mexico to enable staff to better serve their customers. Which divisional structure does Against the Grain most likely utilize?

A) geographic
B) virtual
C) hybrid
D) modular
E) functional

Question 55

X-factor Confectionary divides its employees into groups that focus their work on X-factor's taffies, bubblegum, ice cream, and soft drinks. Which type of divisional structure does X-factor most likely employ?

A) extrinsic worth
B) job simplification
C) industry
D) customers
E) process

Question 56

Which is the best example of an organization that groups its employees by work processes?

A) a computer manufacturer that groups its personnel based on their individual occupational specialties
B) a life insurance company that places its employees into regional offices
C) a construction company that allocates its workers according to the type of work they will complete
D) a realtor that divides its sales team according to different consumer groups
E) a movie studio that assigns its production staff to teams based on movie genre

Question 57

Badabing Waste Management Systems sells a variety of solutions to help with garbage disposal including cans, dumpsters, and waste removal services. The Badabing sales team knows that homeowners, businesses, and municipalities have very different waste management wants and needs. How should Badabing departmentalize its sales team?

A) by geography
B) by labor division
C) by process
D) by customer group
E) by product line

Question 58

Sassy Soda Company utilizes a hybrid structure to group its employees. Which characteristic best defines a hybrid structure like this?

A) Vertical and horizontal structures are used by the organization.
B) Virtual and modular structures are used by departments.
C) Centralized and decentralized authorities are used by staff personnel.
D) Narrow and wide authorities are used by line managers.
E) Functional and divisional structures are used in the same company.

Question 59

A-Aron Sporting Goods groups most of its staff in its home office according to their work specialty like accounting and human resources. The sales and customer service teams are the exception as they are in small regional office across the country. This example best describes a(n) ________ structure.

A) divisional
B) centralized authority
C) hybrid
D) cross-functional
E) matrix

Question 60

Fox Valley Communications utilizes a structure where the functional departments like payroll and shipping report to the CEO. The Fox Valley product line departments like cellular and television also report directly to the CEO. Fox Valley is most likely utilizing a(n)

A) horizontal command authority.
B) hybrid structure.
C) matrix structure.
D) decentralized management authority.
E) motion economy structure.

Question 61

Papertime Company uses a matrix structure within its organization. Which example best describes this time of departmental arrangement?

A) an accountant reporting to the VP of accounting and to a project manager from the product development team in preparation for a new product launch
B) a human resources manager providing employee relations advice to line managers from the production and shipping teams
C) three manufacturing teams reporting to the same operations director
D) members of finance, marketing, and information technology working together on a long-term project
E) the enterprise sales team that is located in regional offices and reports to sales VPs while the marketing and finance specialists are located in the home office

Question 62

What is the best description of an action team?

A) a team responsible for performing day-to-day operations
B) a team that focuses on tasks requiring a high degree of coordination among members with specialized training
C) a team that works together for temporary, creative problem-solving initiatives
D) a team that provides managers with a broader base of knowledge on which to make decisions
E) a team that works together from different locations while connected through a computer network

Question 63

Channel Sales Company wants to review its market for new product opportunities and potential threats to the company. The Board asks for volunteers to form a team to analyze the market and provide feedback at the next quarterly meeting. The team that the Board created can best be described as a(n) ________ team.

A) project
B) action
C) advice
D) virtual
E) hybrid

Question 64

Daynte Company is creating a new, cutting-edge mobile application for its customers. The company has formed a temporary team made up of developers to work through the initial technology limitations it is encountering. What kind of team would be most appropriate in this situation?

A) advice
B) project
C) modular
D) virtual
E) action

Question 65

Fit-Now Athletics is planning to move out of the personal training arena and is ready to begin manufacturing its new exercise cross-trainer equipment. Which type of team would be most appropriate for this new endeavor?

A) hybrid
B) matrix
C) project
D) action
E) production

Question 66

What would be the best example of a project team within an organization?

A) a team of data scientists created to research a potential product breakthrough for management
B) a team of data-entry specialists asked to process customer payments
C) a temporary landscaping team created to perform outside work around company buildings in the spring
D) a forensic investigation team created to solve cases involving computer and electronics fraud cases
E) a temporary team of subject-matter experts focused on solving a series of customer complaints

Question 67

Natasha and Sam are accountants with Spice Shack Kitchen Additives. They are part of a team that includes two marketing specialists and two IT specialists. The team works on projects and can create their own schedules while also planning their day-to-day work. What kind of team does this best represent?

A) modular hybrid
B) collective commitment, modular structure
C) project authority
D) virtual hybrid
E) cross-functional, self-managed

Question 68

Switch Manufacturing is creating a cross-functional, self-managed team to work on various corporate initiatives. How would Switch most likely benefit by creating the team?

A) improved quality control
B) decreased overhead costs
C) increased production figures
D) reduced employee compensation
E) enhanced customer feedback

Question 69

Ignatius is a software engineer with Total Insurance Administration Company. He was recently added to a team of specialists from marketing, finance, and production. The team has been responsible for a series of new product developments. Ignatius is pleased to be part of this team as they have the autonomy to make decisions on their own. Ignatius is working on a ________ team.

A) virtual, hybrid-authority
B) modular, self-managed
C) cross-functional, project authority
D) cross-functional, self-managed
E) multidivisional, shared-services

Question 70

What would be the most important consideration when creating a cross-functional, self-managed work team?

A) including a broad spectrum of employee specialties and expertise
B) implementing a bonus plan to incent the employees for their extra work
C) utilizing an advice team to lead research efforts for the new team
D) hiring a director to manage the day-to-day work of the team
E) creating a clear schedule, plan, and monitoring system for the team

Question 71

Key West Company wants to be able to hire top technical talent regardless of location while saving on overhead costs related to travel expenses. What type of structure would be best suited to help Key West meet their goal?

A) advisory
B) decentralized
C) virtual
D) matrix
E) geographic

Question 72

Which is the best example of a company that could be classified as a virtual organization?

A) a manufacturing firm that creates modules that another firm uses to create its products
B) a shipping company with a corporate office while outsourcing its accounts receivable processing to a vendor
C) an appliance manufacturer that hires a project manager to lead its cross-functional teams
D) an insurance company that uses specialists who report to a VP yet are located out of regional offices
E) a technology company utilizing advisory teams that are responsible for their own planning and scheduling

Question 73

What is the end result in the basic model of motivation?

A) goals
B) behaviors
C) output
D) needs
E) rewards

Question 74

X7 Manufacturing offers pay raises and promotions to help motivate its employees. The raises and promotions represent the ________ element in the model of motivation.

A) intrinsic
B) rewards
C) goals
D) purpose
E) needs

Question 75

JCB Company wants to motivate its assembly team to by providing a bonus each time they exceed established production goals. ________ represents the behaviors definition included in the model of motivation.

A) Employee needs
B) Base salary
C) Production output
D) The bonus
E) Production goals

Question 76

What is the best example of an extrinsic reward?

A) accomplishment
B) salary
C) goals
D) needs
E) purpose

Question 77

The leadership team at Recon Production Works makes it a point to regularly compliment and thank employees for their accomplishments and achievements. Which type of reward is the leadership team utilizing?

A) extrinsic
B) valence
C) expectancy
D) enrichment
E) intrinsic

Question 78

Fausto is a project manager and is more motivated by the pride he feels upon completion of a project rather than by the salary and benefits he receives for his work. Fausto is more motivated by ________ rewards.

A) feedback
B) intrinsic
C) identity
D) purpose
E) enrichment

Question 79

Sappo's Sandal Company want to improve its employee rewards program to enhance performance. After conducting research, the company decides to focus its attention on implementing a new performance review, compensation, and promotion program. Which type of reward does this represent?

A) intrinsic
B) scientific
C) enlargement
D) enrichment
E) extrinsic

Question 80

Timbre Pharmaceuticals wants its employees to believe that their work is making a difference to the organization. Senior leadership holds weekly employee meetings where they share stories about how their products positively impact and enrich the lives of customers. This is an example of ________, a(n) ________ reward.

A) purpose; intrinsic
B) valence; extrinsic
C) needs; extrinsic
D) motivation; extrinsic
E) promotion; intrinsic