Question 1

The first principle of futurism is:&#10;A) Interconnectedness&#10;B) Limited resources&#10;C) Brainstorming&#10;D) Clarity of intent

Accepted Answer

In ancient Greece and Rome, an oracle was a place where, or a medium by which, deities were consulted for advice or prophecy about the future. The modern futurist movement, which began in the 1960s, was fueled by the desire to understand and shape the future and is guided by three basic principles. The first principle, or conviction, is the unity or interrelatedness of reality. It is the perception that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, an insistence on the interconnectedness of everything in the universe (Cornish, 1980).
The second principle that directs futurist thinking is the crucial importance of time. The world of the future is shaped by the decisions made today and the determinations made in the past (Cornish, 1980). Futurists believe that almost anything can be accomplished in a period of 20 years.
The third principle on which futurists rely is the importance and power of ideas, particularly ideas about the future. The future is created out of ideas, the tools of thought. Without them, change is not possible. Futurists believe that human achievement is constrained more by conceptual restrictions or limitations in ideas than by access to material resources (Cornish, 1980).

Question 2

Which of the following is a trend that is likely to significantly impact the future of occupational therapy practice?&#10;A) Proliferation of novel viruses&#10;B) Increase in the older adult population&#10;C) Decrease in birth rates&#10;D) Insurance reimbursement

Accepted Answer

Some predictions can be made about the future of occupational therapy based on current trends. The following statements reflect the authors' beliefs regarding the future of occupational therapy and are offered as "food for thought." It is anticipated that there will be:
.An increased role for occupational therapy in community and population health practice
.A significant shift in services from medical institutions to decentralized, coordinated, community-based settings
.Increased cultural diversity of the U.S. population, requiring a need for increased cultural competence among occupational therapy practitioners and recruitment of a more diverse workforce
.Increased numbers of elderly with a full range of health statuses, illnesses, and disabilities
.Increased emphasis on mental health and quality of life
.Increased need for occupational therapy in preventing and addressing social problems such as sustainability, intolerance of marginalized groups, violence, crime, and alcohol and drug abuse

Question 3

Which way of thinking demonstrates a shift to an ecological worldview?&#10;A) Self-assertion&#10;B) Integration&#10;C) Holism&#10;D) Spirituality

Accepted Answer

The root of the word "ecological" comes from the Greek "oikos," which means "house." In a broader context, it refers to "the inhabited world, the house of humanity" (Capra & Steindl-Rast, 1991, p. 70). The house of humanity includes the biological, psychological, and spiritual aspects of life embedded in a physical, social, and cultural reality. The shift to an ecological paradigm reflects not only a change in thinking but also a change in values. Overall, the shift in values is characterized by a shift from self-assertion to integration (Capra & Steindl-Rast, 1991). Self-assertion is a living system's tendency toward domination in an effort to preserve and protect itself, while integration is the tendency to partner with other systems in order to fulfill the greater good and create sustainability.

Question 4

Which of the following occupational therapy practice delivery models is not representative of community and population health practice?&#10;A) Direct service to individuals&#10;B) Case management&#10;C) Consultation to organizations&#10;D) Staff training

Accepted Answer

To be successful in community and population health practice, practitioners must see themselves providing a wide range of interventions. Direct service to individuals is only a small part of what occupational therapy has to offer. In community and population health practice, the client is often not an individual but rather a group, organization, agency, community, or population. Potential interventions may include case management, training, consulting, program coordination, policy development, and advocacy.

Question 5

Disaster response is considered which aspect of the sustainability ecosystem?&#10;A) Environmental&#10;B) Economic&#10;C) Social&#10;D) Human

Accepted Answer

Sustainability is the capacity to endure. Human sustainability is the long-term maintenance of responsibility, which has environmental (ecological), economic (livable), and social (equitable) dimensions. Typically, the sustainability ecosystem emphasizes environmental (e.g., physical resources such as air, land, and water) and economic (e.g., goods, services, disaster response, and health care) issues, utilization, and preventative resource planning.

Question 6

As a school-based occupational therapist, you propose establishing a school-based community garden. This represents an example of which pillar of sustainability?&#10;A) Environmental&#10;B) Economic&#10;C) Social&#10;D) Human

Accepted Answer

The environmental pillar suggests that in an ideal situation, minimal harm for the natural environment would result. Focusing on creating green spaces and community gardens, using recyclable materials, and minimizing land use are just a few examples of the considerations associated with this pillar. Man-environment considerations offer the most potent opportunity for sustained lifestyle integration.

Question 7

The World Federation of Occupational Therapy (WFOT) embraces the implementation of sustainability practice to include:&#10;A) Disaster preparedness and response&#10;B) Green building design&#10;C) Reducing environmental waste&#10;D) Recycling

Accepted Answer

In 2018, the WFOT developed guiding principles on sustainability for the profession. These include:
1. "Occupational therapy practitioners shall be encouraged to educate themselves about issues of ecosystem sustainability as it impacts ability to pursue chosen meaningful occupations and subsequently human health and well-being" (p. 19).
2. "Occupational therapy practitioners shall work with interested service users and communities to help them explore ways of participating in healthy, meaningful occupations in such a way that they contribute towards mitigation of environmental damage due to unsustainable lifestyles" (p. 21).
3. "Occupational therapy practitioners shall be encouraged to work collaboratively with service users to help them adapt to deleterious and health-impacting effects of environmental degradation due to unsustainable lifestyles so that they can continue to participate in meaningful occupations in a sustainable manner" (p. 23).
4. "Occupational therapy practitioners shall be encouraged to develop competences for empowering communities to find ways of facilitating meaningful occupations in a sustainable manner among community members, taking into account the need to maintain equitability and occupational justice" (p. 25-26).
5. "Occupational therapy practitioners shall be encouraged to develop and maintain competence in administering occupation-based interventions to help interested service users and communities address ecosystem sustainability issues" (p. 27).
The WFOT embraces the implementation of sustainability practice to include: capacity-building, community-based rehabilitation, social entrepreneurship, human rights, and disaster preparedness and response.

Question 8

An occupational therapy practitioner provides quarterly training for staff of a foster placement agency on developmental milestones, establishing routines, and therapeutic play. This activity is an example of which level of foster care intervention?

A) Intensive level
B) Targeted level
C) Universal level
D) Reunification

Accepted Answer

The role of occupational therapy in foster care is summarized below using material from an AOTA Information Sheet (AOTA, 2017). Services are described at three different levels: intensive, targeted, and universal. The intensive level is directed toward individual children and youth, foster parents, and biological parents (see Box 28-2). The targeted level involves developing services for children and youth within the foster care system who are in at-risk family living situations, and those preparing for reunification. Developing partnerships with child welfare agencies and related institutions, screening resources, and creating programs are examples of universal intervention.

Question 9

A college student from a low-income family reports not eating much on weekends when the dining facilities reduce their hours. This is an example of:&#10;A) Food security&#10;B) Food waste&#10;C) Low food security&#10;D) Very low food security

Accepted Answer

The challenges of gaining access to food, and occupations surrounding the acquisition of food, food storage, and maximizing food use, will continue to grow globally. This creates an opportunity for occupational therapy and occupational science to address this critical occupational justice challenge. The high volume of food waste in current times has a negative environmental impact on communities, as well as a detrimental economic impact on families (Stancu, Haugaard, & Lähteenmäki, 2016). In addition, critical food shortages are projected for the future, as crop production is unlikely to keep pace with global population growth (Ray, Mueller, West, & Foley, 2013) and will have an impact on food security. Food security is realized when "all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preference and dietary needs for an active and healthy life" (International Food Policy Research Institute, n.d., para. 1). Thus, the reduction of food waste is a moral imperative and a matter of occupational justice.
Food waste includes both edible and what was once edible food that has been purposefully discarded once it reaches the consumer (Zepeda & Balaine, 2017). It can also refer to unintended food loss during the distribution phases (Porpino, Parente, & Wansink, 2015). Global estimates of food waste are staggering: "Roughly one third of the food produced in the world for human consumption every year-approximately 1.3 billion tons-gets lost or wasted" (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2019, para. 1). The rate of food waste is higher in North America and Europe (95 kg to 115 kg per year) than in sub-Saharan Africa and South and Southeast Asia (6 kg to 11 kg per year). In less industrialized countries, the majority of the waste occurs in the production and storage phases, early in the food production chain, whereas in industrialized countries the waste occurs later in this chain (FAO, 2019).
Food waste rates in the United States mirror those of global estimates, with one-third of food going "uneaten through loss or waste. This waste adversely impacts food security and the environment. When food is tossed aside, so too are opportunities for healthier communities, economic growth, and environmental prosperity" (U.S. Department of Agriculture [USDA], n.d., para. 1). A pilot study of U.S. college students found the students to be knowledgeable about food waste and the environmental impact of that waste. The participants were concerned about food safety but were unaware of food insecurity (Zepeda & Balaine, 2017), which is interesting, as universities have started programs to combat food insecurity among college students (Bradshaw, 2017). Approximately one-third of college students experience food insecurity, with over half of these students working and 75% of them receiving financial aid (College and University Food Bank Alliance, 2018). In the United States, two terms are used to categorize degrees of food insecurity: low food security and very low food security. Low food security is defined as "reports of reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet" with "little or no indication of reduced food intake" (USDA, 2018b, para. 2). Very low food security is defined as "reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake" (USDA, 2018b, para. 2).

Question 10

In order to help people with the IADL of meal preparation and reducing food waste, the program Living Better with What You Have was designed using a participatory action research process and which occupational therapy theoretical framework?

A) Health Belief Model
B) Occupational Adaptation
C) Social Ecological Model
D) Model of Human Occupation

Accepted Answer

Scmelzeer and Leto (2018) worked with a group of community stakeholders, including people experiencing food insecurity, over several years to design a seven-week program that addressed skill building in managing and obtaining food resources as well as related skills, such as safe usage of kitchen tools. The program, Living Better with What You Have, was designed using a participatory action research process and the Model of Human Occupation as a theoretical framework. Initial results indicate that the program was successful in improving food resource management. Scmelzeer and Leto (2018) concluded that "programming that considers context and volition, habituation, and skill development in occupations helps address the underlying causes of food insecurity and highlights the distinct value of occupational therapy" (p. 7).

Question 11

Ariana is a 22-year old Caucasian college student wanting to go to occupational therapy school who finds images of students like her in many college admissions brochures. Ariana is experiencing which of the following?

A) White privilege
B) White fragility
C) Microaggression
D) Invisible workload

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ariana is a 22-year old Caucasian college...

Question 12

Upon interviewing for occupational therapy school, Edward, a black student, is told by a white student that he is &#34;well spoken.&#34; This demonstrates an example of which of the following?&#10;A) White privilege&#10;B) White fragility&#10;C) Microaggression&#10;D) Lack of empathy

Accepted Answer

The answer of Upon interviewing for occupational therapy school, Edward,...

Question 13

As an occupational therapist, you attend a workshop at the American Occupational Therapy Association on the latest neurotechnology. You return to your practice setting and urge your supervisor to purchase some of the equipment. According to the Diffusion of Innovation theory, you are acting as an:

A) Early adopter
B) Early majority
C) Late majority
D) Laggard

Accepted Answer

The answer of As an occupational therapist, you attend a...

Question 14

A &#34;smart&#34; home is an example of which of the following types of technology?&#10;A) Artificial intelligence&#10;B) Virtual reality&#10;C) Ambient intelligence&#10;D) Robotics

Accepted Answer

The answer of A &#34;smart&#34; home is an example of...

Question 15

A technology that allows occupational therapy practitioners to develop a specialized piece of adaptive equipment is:&#10;A) Artificial intelligence&#10;B) 3D printing&#10;C) Virtual reality&#10;D) Robotics

Accepted Answer

The answer of A technology that allows occupational therapy practitioners...

Question 16

An ideology that prioritizes a global order over the interests of individual nations is called:&#10;A) Globalization&#10;B) Globalism&#10;C) Tribalism&#10;D) Nationalism

Accepted Answer

The answer of An ideology that prioritizes a global order...

Question 17

Patricia is an occupational therapy assistant student who participates in designing a play group for children with autism in partnership with a local autism support group. This play group is an example of which pedagogical approach to teaching community and population health concepts?

A) Interprofessional education
B) Level I Fieldwork
C) Community service learning
D) Level II Fieldwork

Accepted Answer

The answer of Patricia is an occupational therapy assistant student...

Question 18

Julia, an occupational therapy student, joins a group of other health professions students to participate in Heartbreak Hospital, a health-care error simulation. The student teams work together to identify errors in a simulated patient room. This is an example of which of the following pedagogies that can be used to teach community and population health concepts?

A) Interprofessional education
B) Level I Fieldwork
C) Community service learning
D) Level II Fieldwork

Accepted Answer

The answer of Julia, an occupational therapy student, joins a...

Question 19

Which research methodology offers the most appropriate application to community and population health?&#10;A) Qualitative design&#10;B) Retrospective research&#10;C) Community-based participatory research&#10;D) Randomized control trial

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which research methodology offers the most appropriate...

Deck 28: Future Directions in Community and Population Health Practice Introduction