Deck 5: Experimental Research

Question 1

Not telling participants in a study whether they are in the control or experimental group is an example of controlling which threat?

A) Instrumentation effects
B) Expectancy
C) Testing effects
D) Selection bias

Answer 1

Expectancy

Question 2

Which is NOT a threat to validity?

A) Selection bias
B) History
C) Maturation
D) Placebo

Answer 2

Placebo

Question 3

Which is NOT true of crossover designs?

A) They are very efficient.
B) They allow multiple treatments to be studied with fewer participants.
C) They are useful when treatment effects are stable.
D) They allow both treatments to be tested on more subjects, thus allowing for more confidence in the results.

Answer 3

They are useful when treatment effects are stable.

Question 4

Which is NOT true of experimental designs?

A) They are ideal for establishing cause and effect.
B) They are ideal because they can be generalized to the real world.
C) They allow for tight controls of confounding factors.
D) They minimize threats to the study.

Question 5

Which is NOT an experimental research design?

A) Randomized crossover
B) Randomized two-group
C) Randomized three-group
D) Randomized two-group pretest-post-test

Question 6

Which is NOT a pre-experimental research design?

A) One-shot
B) Nonequivalent control group
C) One group pretest-post-test
D) Static two-group comparison

Question 7

What is the method of research that is similar to experimental research, with the exception of random assignment?

A) Quasi-experimental
B) Experimental
C) Pre-experimental
D) Non-random experimental

Question 8

Which is NOT a construct?

A) Treatment
B) Subjects
C) Confounders
D) Outcomes

Question 9

Which is NOT a threat to construct validity?

A) Construct confounding
B) Self-report bias
C) Compensatory rivalry
D) Experimenter expectancies

Question 10

Which is NOT a target of generalization?

A) Narrow to broad
B) Broad to narrow
C) Sample to population
D) At a similar level

Question 11

What is a key factor in experimental research? Select all that apply.

A) There are two study groups, a control group and an experimental group.
B) The control group receives standard care.
C) The control and experimental groups are determined in a systematic way, depending on the treatment.
D) The experimental group receives the intervention.

Question 12

What is necessary when designing an experimental study for establishing cause and effect? Select all that apply.

A) An understanding of the potential threats to the study
B) A design where the treatment is given to the experimental group
C) A design where the dependent variable is measured in both the control and experimental groups
D) A design where the researcher randomizes the participants who could benefit the most from the intervention into the treatment group

Question 13

Which is an example of targets of generalization? Select all that apply.

A) Generalizing the results from an experimental study to the general population.
B) Generalizing the results from an experimental study to a particular client.
C) Generalizing the results from a quasi-experimental design to an experimental study.
D) Generalizing the results from a randomized controlled trial to a different population.

Question 14

Which factors are important in conducting experimental research? Select all that apply.

A) Randomization is based on some personal choice or characteristics.
B) There is a control group that receives the standard treatment.
C) There is an experimental group that receives the treatment.
D) Experimental designs in clinical research are also known as randomized controlled trials.

Question 15

What is a threat to validity? Select all that apply.

A) Selection bias
B) History
C) Maturation
D) Placebo

Question 16

What is an example of experimental research design? Select all that apply.

A) Randomized crossover
B) Randomized two-group
C) Randomized three-group
D) Randomized two-group pretest-post-test

Question 17

Which is true of experimental designs? Select all that apply.

A) They are ideal for establishing cause and effect.
B) They are ideal because they can be generalized to the real world.
C) They allow for tight controls of confounding factors.
D) They minimize threats to the study.

Question 18

Which is true of crossover designs? Select all that apply.

A) They are very efficient.
B) They allow multiple treatments to be studied with fewer participants.
C) They are useful when treatment effects are stable.
D) They allow both treatments to be tested on more subjects, thus allowing for more confidence in the results.

Question 19

Which is an example of a pre-experimental research design? Select all that apply.

A) One-shot
B) Nonequivalent control group
C) One group pretest-post-test
D) Static two-group comparison

Question 20

Construct validity defines the setting, treatment, subjects, and outcomes of an experiment.

Question 21

Another term for quasi-experimental design is experimental research.

Question 22

The dependent variable manipulation always precedes the measurement of the independent variable.

Question 23

A pre-experimental research design means there is no randomization and no control group.

Question 24

One of the problems of attrition is that differences are harder to find in small groups compared to differences in large groups.

Question 25

An example of a confounder is regression.

Question 26

In the one-shot research design, it is impossible to know what really caused the post-treatment change.

Question 27

Quasi-experimental research designs are the only ones that can unequivocally establish cause and effect.

Question 28

Construct validity is particularly important to the practitioner.

Question 29

Conducting research in an environment similar to the real-world environment improves internal validity.

Question 30

One of the challenges of research is that internal and external validity continuums are commonly in opposition to each other.

Question 31

Instrumentation effects refer to the way in which test scores or performance can change because of a subject's interaction with the test.

Question 32

A method of randomly selecting subjects from the population to participate in a study is called ________________________.

Question 33

The degree to which research controls or eliminates all extraneous variables, including confounders, of a study is called ________________________.

Question 34

The results of a yoga training to improve quality of life that applies to middle-aged women and may not apply to middle-aged men is called _____________________________________.

Question 35

Any factor that potentially confuses or confounds the results of research is called a _________________________.

Question 36

An abstraction that is created by researchers to conceptualize a variable that they wish to test but that is not directly observable is called a ________________________.

Question 37

The term that refers to the tendency of extreme scores to move back toward the average score is called ________________________.