Question 1

What type of research design occurs when researchers start with a presumed cause and then go forward in time to the presumed effect?&#10;A) Cohort&#10;B) Counterfactual&#10;C) Randomized controlled&#10;D) Factorial

Accepted Answer

A cohort study is a type of research design where researchers start with a group of people (a cohort) who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined time period and then follow them forward in time to study their outcomes. This approach is often used to look at the effects of presumed causes (like exposure to a risk factor) on health outcomes.

Question 2

What type of design occurs when the researcher simultaneously manipulates two independent variables?&#10;A) Crossover&#10;B) Factorial&#10;C) Single-blind&#10;D) Cluster randomization

Accepted Answer

A factorial design is used when a researcher wants to study the effects of two or more independent variables simultaneously. This design allows for the examination of not only the individual main effects of each independent variable but also the interaction effects between them.

Question 3

What is a limitation of the research design for a quantitative study?&#10;A) Whether there will be a theoretical context&#10;B) Whether there will be an intervention&#10;C) What types of comparisons will be made&#10;D) How many times data will be collected

Accepted Answer

Quantitative research designs typically have a theoretical context, so the limitation is not about whether there will be one, but rather how well it is integrated or applied.

Question 4

What does the using random numbers tables for assigning subject to groups eliminate?&#10;A) Systematic bias&#10;B) Ethical problems&#10;C) Need for a control group&#10;D) Unnecessary manipulation

Accepted Answer

Using random numbers tables for assigning subjects to groups eliminates systematic bias by ensuring that each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, thus preventing any selection bias.

Question 5

What would happen to the same people simultaneously exposed and not exposed to the casual factor in an idealized research model?&#10;A) Confounding&#10;B) Counterfactual&#10;C) Causality&#10;D) Manipulation

Accepted Answer

The concept of comparing the same group of people as if they were simultaneously exposed and not exposed to a causal factor is referred to as the "counterfactual" scenario. It's a hypothetical or idealized model used in causal inference to understand what would have happened to the same individuals in the absence of the exposure or intervention.

Question 6

Various criteria are used to establish causality. One criterion is that an observed relationship between a presumed cause and an effect cannot be explained as being caused by other variables. What is the observed relationship between a presumed cause called?

A) Confounding
B) Independent variable
C) Dependent variable
D) Counterfactual

Accepted Answer

The observed relationship between a presumed cause is referred to as the independent variable because it is the variable that is manipulated or changed to observe its effect on another variable (the dependent variable).

Question 7

What type of design occurs in retrospective studies with data on both the dependent and independent variables collected at a single point in time?&#10;A) Cross-sectional&#10;B) Case control&#10;C) Prospective&#10;D) Correlational

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies collect data on both dependent and independent variables at a single point in time, providing a snapshot of a population or phenomenon.

Question 8

What is occurring when the nurse researcher manipulates the independent variable by introducing a treatment or intervention?&#10;A) Control&#10;B) Counterfactual&#10;C) Randomization&#10;D) Manipulation

Accepted Answer

Manipulation in research refers to the process where the researcher intentionally changes or assigns the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable. This is often done to test hypotheses in experimental studies, where the introduction of a treatment or intervention is a direct manipulation of the independent variable to study its impact.

Question 9

What is occurring when the nurse researcher assigns people to experimental and control groups at random to make the groups comparable at the outset?&#10;A) Control&#10;B) Counterfactual&#10;C) Randomization&#10;D) Manipulation

Accepted Answer

Randomization is the process of assigning individuals to experimental and control groups randomly, ensuring that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group. This method is used to make the groups comparable at the outset, minimizing bias and ensuring that differences between and within the groups are due to chance rather than systematic differences.

Question 10

Everyone in the experimental group usually gets the same intervention as delineated in formal protocols. What occurs when the study is tailored to meet individual needs or characteristics?&#10;A) Placebo&#10;B) Patient-centered intervention&#10;C) Attention control&#10;D) Stratification

Accepted Answer

Patient-centered interventions are designed to meet the individual needs or characteristics of each participant, rather than applying a one-size-fits-all approach as in traditional experimental designs.

Question 11

The nurse researcher wants to avoid bias stemming from participants' awareness of group status or study hypotheses. What is this called?
1) Attention control
2) Stratification
3) Masking
4) Blinding

A) 1, 2
B) 1, 3
C) 2, 4
D) 3, 4

Accepted Answer

The answer of The nurse researcher wants to avoid bias...

Question 12

What type of study occurs when a sample of both users and non users of oral contraceptives over a 20-year period are followed to determine if there were any long-term side effects?&#10;A) Controlled&#10;B) Retrospective&#10;C) Prospective&#10;D) Crossover

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of study occurs when a...

Question 13

What type of correlational study begins with the outcome and looks back in time for antecedent causes by comparing individuals that have a disease with controls who do not have the disease?&#10;A) Case control&#10;B) Retrospective&#10;C) Prospective&#10;D) Crossover

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of correlational study begins with...

Question 14

The nurse researcher is dividing research participants into groups of men and women before equating the groups on all characteristics that could affect study outcomes. What is this technique called?&#10;A) Placebo&#10;B) Patient-centered intervention&#10;C) Attention control&#10;D) Stratification

Accepted Answer

The answer of The nurse researcher is dividing research participants...

Question 15

What is occurring when the nurse researcher documents the frequency of new research cases over a given time period?&#10;A) Prevalence&#10;B) Incidence&#10;C) Relative risk&#10;D) Self-selection

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is occurring when the nurse researcher...

Question 16

What is one weakness of correlational studies?&#10;A) Prevalence of cases&#10;B) Incidence of cases&#10;C) Relative risk of groups&#10;D) Self-selection of groups

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is one weakness of correlational studies?&#10;A)...

Question 17

The nurse researcher is describing how phenomena are interrelated without invoking a casual explanation. What type of study is occurring?&#10;A) Descriptive correlational&#10;B) Univariate descriptive&#10;C) Path analytic&#10;D) Cohort

Accepted Answer

The answer of The nurse researcher is describing how phenomena...

Question 18

The nurse researcher is documenting the frequency with which middle-aged women performed breast self-examination. What type of study is occurring with the documentation?&#10;A) Descriptive correlation&#10;B) Univariate descriptive&#10;C) Prevalence&#10;D) Incidence

Accepted Answer

The answer of The nurse researcher is documenting the frequency...

Question 19

What type of research design occurs when the nurse researcher gives the comparison group the experimental intervention at a later point in time?&#10;A) Propensity matching&#10;B) Switching replication&#10;C) Time series&#10;D) Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of research design occurs when...

Question 20

What type of research design involves an experimental intervention but no randomization and supports causal inferences?&#10;A) Quasi-experimental&#10;B) Crossover&#10;C) Factorial&#10;D) Experimental

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of research design involves an...

Deck 9: Quantitative Research Design