Deck 4: Developmental and Learning Theories

Question 1

There are at least eight developmental and learning theories that encompass most educational issues about young children.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

There is one set of principles that is the overriding theory of child development.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In psychodynamic terms, the unconscious refers to being in a coma.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Psychodynamic theories assume that life is a series of stages through which each person must pass.

Question 5

Erikson believes that children have crises, or challenges, in each stage of development.

Question 6

Edward Thorndike gave us the notion of tabula rasa.

Question 7

Behaviorists would say that the environment and daily schedule are important in learning.

Question 8

Positive reinforcers can be tokens or toys but cannot include attention or praise.

Question 9

One of Piaget's basic processes of thinking is accommodation, which is taking new information and changing what is already thought to fit the new information, changing the knowledge base.

Question 10

Piaget states that the organism is usually in a state of disequilibrium, and that only when the person is "at rest" will learning take place.

Question 11

According to Piagetian theory, children think differently than adults.

Question 12

The theory of multiple intelligences means that a child will need to learn a multitude of skills in order to be considered "smart."

Question 13

Maturation theory is the process of physical and mental growth that is determined by heredity. Arnold Gesell's theory states that the sequence of developmental stages is universal, as are the precise ages.

Question 14

There are sex differences in behavior because of heredity more than the environment.

Question 15

Piaget believed that the development of thinking is extrinsic.

Question 16

Piaget believed that children learn best when they are shown how to do something.

Question 17

As they mature, children integrate and assimilate their play experiences.

Question 18

Boys are more likely to develop physical or mental disorders than girls.

Question 19

The nature/nurture controversy is ____.

A) the differences between girls and boys
B) the theory of maturation
C) the controversy between liberals and conservatives
D) the issue of heredity versus environment

Question 20

Special problems can arise in cross-cultural teaching settings when ____.

A) the language of the caregiver is different from that of the child
B) caregivers have low expectations of children based on their membership in a low-status cultural group
C) Both of these are correct.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is universal for all children?

A) Each child has his/her own unique needs and rights.
B) Cultural and social expectations are the same.
C) Temperament and energy level are the same.
D) Rate of language growth in vocabulary is the same.
E) Children go through the same developmental stages.

Question 22

Sigmund Freud ____.

A) studied the behavior of animals
B) characterized stages of psychosexual development
C) developed "norms" of behavior
D) is alive

Question 23

Eric Erikson proposes eight stages of psychosocial development, in which each critical period represents a challenge for that time. Which stage(s) is(are) correctly matched with the age in early childhood and its challenge?

A) Stage 1 Infancy: Competency vs. Inferiority
B) Stage 2 Toddler: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C) Stage 3 Childhood: Good vs. Evil
D) Stage 4 School-age: Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 24

According to Erikson's theory, the role of the adult is to ____.

A) ensure that the child has opportunities to play
B) shape appropriate behaviors
C) Both of these are correct.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 25

A negative reinforcer ____.

A) is a punishment
B) can never be a time-out
C) is the same as a positive reinforcer
D) is removal of an unpleasant stimulus as a result of a behavior

Question 26

Behaviorists assert that the environment plays an enormous role in learning. They include ____.

A) Maslow, Watson, and Piaget
B) Watson, Thorndike, and Vygotsky
C) Thorndike, Skinner, and Bandura
D) Skinner, Bloom, and Montessori

Question 27

Albert Bandura, who developed the theory of social learning, reminds us that ____.

A) play is important
B) modeling is a primary way children learn
C) an unresolved crisis can harm a child
D) money is the root of all evil

Question 28

Piaget's three basic processes of thinking are ____.

A) adaptation, accommodation, equilibration
B) stimulus, response, punishment
C) example, imitation, modeling
D) love, belonging, esteem

Question 29

Which statement is true according to Piagetian theory?

A) Children need few materials to explore.
B) Children can think symbolically if asked directed questions.
C) Children come to conclusions based on logic.
D) Children make decisions on what they see.

Question 30

The sociocultural theory of Vygotsky states that ____.

A) culture and language play a critical role in development
B) the child need not be considered as a whole
C) children think in concrete terms and cannot think things through themselves
D) self-directed speech is the lowest rung of the scaffold

Question 31

Howard Gardner is a professor of human development who has developed ____.

A) a postulate about siblings and friendship
B) a theory of multiple intelligences
C) the notion that actions speak louder than words
D) giant ideas in the nursery school

Question 32

Below is a list of the hierarchy of Maslow's human needs. Which ones are basic needs?

A) safety, food, shelter, security
B) shelter, self-sufficiency, truth, aliveness
C) food, shelter, justice, respect for others
D) security, food, justice, self-sufficiency

Question 33

Attachment is ____.

A) critical to the development of the self
B) an "affectional bond" between two people
C) the "dance" between a child and a favored loved one
D) All of these are correct.

Question 34

Sex differences ____.

A) are caused by both "nature" and "nurture"
B) make no difference in the development of self
C) do not exist
D) make females better than males

Question 35

Children's development of moral behavior ____.

A) occurs early in infancy
B) seems to develop in stages
C) is based only on religious beliefs
D) has been researched equally with boys and girls

Question 36

Key principles of brain-based learning are that ____.

A) all brains develop on the same timetable
B) stress and threat do not impact the brain
C) emotions play a minor role in running the brain
D) all learning is mind-body

Question 37

Why do we plan projects that include the steps children will take for completion? Choose the most appropriate reason based upon developmental research.

A) Children learn through their senses.
B) Growth occurs in a sequence.
C) Growth occurs in interrelated areas.
D) Group play is developing.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is universal, in that it holds true for all children?

A) Cultural and social expectations are the same.
B) Temperament and energy level are the same.
C) Rate of language growth in vocabulary is the same.
D) Children go through the same developmental stages.

Question 39

New information on brain development suggests _____.

A) acquiring cultural knowledge occurs later in life
B) neural connections form most during adolescence
C) as children move from toddlers to preschool, brain functions are fully developed
D) "use it or lose it" applies to adult brains, not infants in first year of life

Question 40

Adults foster independence in toddlers by _____.

A) setting clear, consistent, reasonable limits
B) giving them false choices
C) giving them complex choices
D) insisting they be either dependent or independent

Question 41

Vygotsky asserted that much of children's learning _____.

A) takes place during play with others
B) occurs during the first year of life
C) takes place in solitude
D) is genetic in nature

Question 42

In preoperational thought children are known to be _____.

A) dependent
B) egocentric
C) trusting
D) defiant

Question 43

Arnold Gesell developed the _______________, which details the norms of behavior.

A) Word Pictures
B) Stages of Psychosocial Development
C) Maturation Theory
D) Hierarchy of Needs

Question 44

______________ is the theory developed through the study of successful people that emphasizes basic and growth needs.

A) Multiple Intelligences
B) Zone of Proximal Development
C) Constructivism
D) Heirarchy of Needs

Question 45

Bronfenbrenner's model of development is a "joint function of a person and environment" and includes human ecosystems of both physical factors and the social environment. The child is influenced by family, neighborhood, culture and the larger society. The name for this theory is _______.

A) Ecological
B) Scaffolding
C) Humanist
D) Behaviorist

Question 46

Frued's psychoanalytic theory of childhood sexuality contends that each stage has its own area of pleasure; if so, the birth to age two stage would be _______.

A) id
B) oral
C) anal
D) ego

Question 47

In constructivist theory, children are thought to learn mostly by adaptation, so the teacher needs to be ________.

A) creative
B) a builder of an environment for learning
C) patient
D) None of these are correct.

Question 48

Match the theorist to the theory.

-Psychodynamic

A) Maslow
B) Vygotsky
C) Erikson
D) Gardner
E) Gesell
F) Bronfenbrenner
G) Bandura
H) Piaget

Question 49

Match the theorist to the theory.

-Behaviorist

A) Maslow
B) Vygotsky
C) Erikson
D) Gardner
E) Gesell
F) Bronfenbrenner
G) Bandura
H) Piaget

Question 50

Match the theorist to the theory.

-Cognitive

A) Maslow
B) Vygotsky
C) Erikson
D) Gardner
E) Gesell
F) Bronfenbrenner
G) Bandura
H) Piaget

Question 51

Match the theorist to the theory.

-Sociocultural

A) Maslow
B) Vygotsky
C) Erikson
D) Gardner
E) Gesell
F) Bronfenbrenner
G) Bandura
H) Piaget

Question 52

Match the theorist to the theory.

-Ecological

A) Maslow
B) Vygotsky
C) Erikson
D) Gardner
E) Gesell
F) Bronfenbrenner
G) Bandura
H) Piaget

Question 53

Match the theorist to the theory.

-Multiple intelligences

A) Maslow
B) Vygotsky
C) Erikson
D) Gardner
E) Gesell
F) Bronfenbrenner
G) Bandura
H) Piaget

Question 54

Match the theorist to the theory.

-Maturation

A) Maslow
B) Vygotsky
C) Erikson
D) Gardner
E) Gesell
F) Bronfenbrenner
G) Bandura
H) Piaget

Question 55

Match the theorist to the theory.

-Humanistic

A) Maslow
B) Vygotsky
C) Erikson
D) Gardner
E) Gesell
F) Bronfenbrenner
G) Bandura
H) Piaget

Question 56

Match the challenge or crisis with the stage in Erikson's psychosocial theory.

-Stage 1

A) Initiative vs. Guilt
B) Trust vs. Mistrust
C) Industry vs. Inferiority
D) Autonomy vs. Doubt

Question 57

Match the challenge or crisis with the stage in Erikson's psychosocial theory.

-Stage 2

A) Initiative vs. Guilt
B) Trust vs. Mistrust
C) Industry vs. Inferiority
D) Autonomy vs. Doubt

Question 58

Match the challenge or crisis with the stage in Erikson's psychosocial theory.

-Stage 3

A) Initiative vs. Guilt
B) Trust vs. Mistrust
C) Industry vs. Inferiority
D) Autonomy vs. Doubt

Question 59

Match the challenge or crisis with the stage in Erikson's psychosocial theory.

-Stage 4

A) Initiative vs. Guilt
B) Trust vs. Mistrust
C) Industry vs. Inferiority
D) Autonomy vs. Doubt

Question 60

Match the process in behaviorist theory with the type of learning.

-Classical conditioning

A) Observation and imitation
B) Reinforcement
C) Association

Question 61

Match the process in behaviorist theory with the type of learning.

-Operant conditioning

A) Observation and imitation
B) Reinforcement
C) Association

Question 62

Match the process in behaviorist theory with the type of learning.

-Social learning

A) Observation and imitation
B) Reinforcement
C) Association

Question 63

Match the theory with the basic concept

-There are many ways to express intelligence.

A) Erikson's psychosocial theory
B) Behaviorist theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Sociocultural theory
E) Freud's psychosexual theory
F) Ecological theory
G) Multiple intelligences theory
H) Maturation theory
I) Humanistic theory

Question 64

Match the theory with the basic concept

-All humans have basic and growth needs.

A) Erikson's psychosocial theory
B) Behaviorist theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Sociocultural theory
E) Freud's psychosexual theory
F) Ecological theory
G) Multiple intelligences theory
H) Maturation theory
I) Humanistic theory

Question 65

Match the theory with the basic concept

-Human development is influenced by several systems.

A) Erikson's psychosocial theory
B) Behaviorist theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Sociocultural theory
E) Freud's psychosexual theory
F) Ecological theory
G) Multiple intelligences theory
H) Maturation theory
I) Humanistic theory

Question 66

Match the theory with the basic concept

-People encounter certain "crises" or "challenges" in their lifelong pursuit of "Who Am I?"

A) Erikson's psychosocial theory
B) Behaviorist theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Sociocultural theory
E) Freud's psychosexual theory
F) Ecological theory
G) Multiple intelligences theory
H) Maturation theory
I) Humanistic theory

Question 67

Match the theory with the basic concept

-Most growth is determined by heredity.

A) Erikson's psychosocial theory
B) Behaviorist theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Sociocultural theory
E) Freud's psychosexual theory
F) Ecological theory
G) Multiple intelligences theory
H) Maturation theory
I) Humanistic theory

Question 68

Match the theory with the basic concept

-People are governed by inner drives of sex and aggression.

A) Erikson's psychosocial theory
B) Behaviorist theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Sociocultural theory
E) Freud's psychosexual theory
F) Ecological theory
G) Multiple intelligences theory
H) Maturation theory
I) Humanistic theory

Question 69

Match the theory with the basic concept

-Through experience, behavior is modified or changed.

A) Erikson's psychosocial theory
B) Behaviorist theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Sociocultural theory
E) Freud's psychosexual theory
F) Ecological theory
G) Multiple intelligences theory
H) Maturation theory
I) Humanistic theory

Question 70

Match the theory with the basic concept

-Children pass through sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational stages of thinking.

A) Erikson's psychosocial theory
B) Behaviorist theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Sociocultural theory
E) Freud's psychosexual theory
F) Ecological theory
G) Multiple intelligences theory
H) Maturation theory
I) Humanistic theory

Question 71

Match the theory with the basic concept

-The child's development is inseparable from social and cultural activities.

A) Erikson's psychosocial theory
B) Behaviorist theory
C) Cognitive theory
D) Sociocultural theory
E) Freud's psychosexual theory
F) Ecological theory
G) Multiple intelligences theory
H) Maturation theory
I) Humanistic theory

Question 72

Match the professional with his/her contribution to attachment theory.

-Developed the program "Resources for Infant Educators"

A) John Bowlby
B) Mary Ainsworth
C) Magda Gerber

Question 73

Match the professional with his/her contribution to attachment theory.

-Coined the word "affectional bond" to describe attachment

A) John Bowlby
B) Mary Ainsworth
C) Magda Gerber

Question 74

Match the professional with his/her contribution to attachment theory.

-Extensively researched the nature of children's attachment

A) John Bowlby
B) Mary Ainsworth
C) Magda Gerber

Question 75

Match the type of play with its characteristic.

-Social interaction in a group with a sense of group identity

A) Unoccupied
B) Solitary play
C) Onlooker play
D) Parallel play
E) Associative play
F) Cooperative play

Question 76

Match the type of play with its characteristic.

-Child watches while others play

A) Unoccupied
B) Solitary play
C) Onlooker play
D) Parallel play
E) Associative play
F) Cooperative play

Question 77

Match the type of play with its characteristic.

-Child performs random movements

A) Unoccupied
B) Solitary play
C) Onlooker play
D) Parallel play
E) Associative play
F) Cooperative play

Question 78

Match the type of play with its characteristic.

-Social interaction with little or no organization

A) Unoccupied
B) Solitary play
C) Onlooker play
D) Parallel play
E) Associative play
F) Cooperative play

Question 79

Match the type of play with its characteristic.

-Child plays alone

A) Unoccupied
B) Solitary play
C) Onlooker play
D) Parallel play
E) Associative play
F) Cooperative play

Question 80

Match the type of play with its characteristic.

-Child plays alongside others

A) Unoccupied
B) Solitary play
C) Onlooker play
D) Parallel play
E) Associative play
F) Cooperative play