Deck 6: Fundamentals of Exercise Physiology and Nutrition

Question 1

For the average adult, how long does it take for almost all of the food that was consumed to pass from the stomach into the intestine?

A) 1 hr
B) 2 hrs
C) 4 hrs
D) 6 hrs

Answer 1

4 hrs

Question 2

Which valve separates the small intestine from the large intestine and allows indigestible food products to move into the large intestine?

A) Ileocecal valve
B) Duodenal sphincter
C) Colonic valve
D) Inferior pyloric sphincter

Answer 2

Ileocecal valve

Question 3

What area of study focuses on the processes associated with the capture, conversion, and use of energy?

A) Bioenergetics
B) Biogenomics
C) Glycolytics
D) Glycogenetics

Answer 3

Bioenergetics

Question 4

Where does the body store carbohydrates that cannot be readily used?

A) Liver and skeleton
B) Liver and muscles
C) Skeleton and blood
D) Subcutaneous fat and muscles

Question 5

A normal sedentary person can store approximately 90 g of carbohydrates in the liver and 150 g of carbohydrates in muscle as glycogen. Approximately how many calories of energy are available from stored glycogen?

A) 960 calories
B) 600 calories
C) 360 calories
D) 1,200 calories

Question 6

Which energy system provides immediate energy after stored adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is depleted?

A) Creatine system
B) Aerobic glycolysis
C) Anaerobic glycolysis
D) Phosphagen system

Question 7

Which of the following activities would be fueled by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the phosphagen system?

A) 400-meter sprint
B) 5-mile bike ride
C) 100-meter sprint
D) Marathon

Question 8

Which energy system would be used to produce energy for an 800-meter run that is completed in less than three minutes?

A) Aerobic glycolysis
B) Phosphagen system
C) Lipolysis
D) Anaerobic glycolysis

Question 9

What is the last portion of the aerobic respiration process?

A) Glucose is converted to pyruvate.
B) Acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) enters the citric acid cycle.
C) Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA.
D) Pyruvate is converted to adenosine triphosphate and lactic acid.

Question 10

Which term is defined as the body's ability to obtain oxygen from the air inhaled into the lungs and transported to the bloodstream?

A) Oxygen-carrying capacity
B) VO₂ max
C) O₂/CO₂ ratio
D) Hematocrit

Question 11

Which of the following might be a concern for an endurance athlete who has been diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia?

A) Decreased immunity
B) Decreased mitochondria
C) Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity
D) Decreased flexibility

Question 12

Which type of exercise will cause an athlete to reach lactate threshold most quickly?

A) Longer-duration, low-intensity aerobic exercise
B) Intense, exhaustive anaerobic exercise
C) Low-intensity, short-duration anaerobic exercise
D) Intense, exhaustive aerobic exercise

Question 13

What is the predominant energy system of activities lasting longer than 20 minutes in duration?

A) Anaerobic glycolysis
B) Phosphagen system
C) Aerobic respiration
D) Lipolysis

Question 14

Why are carbohydrates required in order for fat to be converted to ATP?

A) Fat must bind to carbohydrates to be carried through the electron transport chain.
B) Carbohydrates are required to cleave fatty acids from their glycerol backbone.
C) Carbohydrates are needed to fuel the glycolysis system.
D) Fats require carbohydrate carriers to move into the mitochondria.

Question 15

Which type of amino acid cannot be converted to glucose but can still be used to create adenosine triphosphate as it passes through the citric acid cycle?

A) Glucogenic amino acids
B) Ketogenic amino acids
C) Nonessential amino acids
D) Essential amino acids

Question 16

Which hormone is responsible for lipogenesis?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Adrenaline
D) Melatonin

Question 17

To what does "excess postexercise oxygen consumption" refer?

A) Elevated oxygen use above resting levels after a workout
B) Hyperventilation that occurs immediately following exercise
C) Body continuing to circulate already-inspired oxygen to working muscles during cooldown period
D) Increased respiration rate for 10 to 30 minutes following a workout

Question 18

Which principle states that the body will effectively adapt to the stresses placed upon it during training?

A) SAID principle
B) DAPRE principle
C) Principle of Diminishing Returns
D) Principle of Recovery

Question 19

Which measurement gives a good indication of the type of fuel being used for energy?

A) Respiratory quotient (RQ)
B) VO₂ max
C) Excess O₂ consumption rate
D) Resting respiration rate

Question 20

Which of the following factors impact gastric emptying rate? Select all that apply.

A) Type of food consumed
B) Ratio of liquid to solid food components
C) Gastric volume
D) Time of day
E) Gender

Question 21

Which of the following will increase the body's ability to store glycogen? Select all that apply.

A) Physical training
B) Level of hydration
C) Protein restriction
D) Carbohydrate loading
E) Fat loading

Question 22

What impact does the aerobic respiration system have on other body systems? Select all that apply.

A) Heart rate decreases because extra adenosine triphosphate becomes available.
B) Respiration rate increases to provide the oxygen needed for respiration.
C) The digestive system slows to allow blood flow to working muscles.
D) The endocrine system releases less epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol.
E) Metabolic activity increases in working muscles.

Question 23

Which of the following factors impacts the body's oxygen-carrying capacity? Select all that apply.

A) Total blood volume
B) Ability to totally ventilate the alveoli
C) Muscle mass
D) Resting heart rate
E) Hemoglobin concentration in the blood

Question 24

Which of the following statements about beta oxidation are true? Select all that apply.

A) Occurs in the mitochondria of working cells.
B) Fatty acids are broken down into acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) and hydrogen.
C) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH) are produced.
D) One hundred thirty ATP molecules are produced.
E) Lipolysis follows the beta-oxidation process.

Question 25

Which of the following are limiting factors in athletic performance, regardless of intensity or duration? Select all that apply.

A) Number of adipocytes and triacylglycerols
B) Daily protein consumption
C) Muscle glycogen
D) Blood glucose
E) Hydration levels

Question 26

Which of the following effects are associated with the body's adaptations to a training program? Select all that apply.

A) Cardiac output becomes more efficient.
B) Vascularity in muscles increases.
C) The number of mitochondria decreases.
D) Respiratory capacity increases.
E) The ability to utilize fat as a fuel source improves.

Question 27

Cells obtain nutrients needed to produce energy only from food broken down in the digestive system.

Question 28

Heart rate and stroke volume increase in a linear fashion up to maximal levels as exercise intensity increases.

Question 29

Fatty acid oxidation provides a basically unlimited supply of adenosine triphosphate.

Question 30

Athletes who fail to consume enough carbohydrates to ensure a continual glucose supply may find that they begin to suffer from muscle atrophy.

Question 31

The energy system used to provide 100% of the energy in a given situation is based on intensity and duration of the exercise.

Question 32

The rate of gastric emptying is impacted by the type of food consumed. Place the following foods in order from fastest to slowest (1 to 3) in terms of the speed with which they move from the stomach into the small intestine.
_____ 1. Tuna
_____ 2. Whole-grain bread
_____ 3. Butter

Question 33

Place the following steps in order to follow the ingestion of food to excretion of food through the digestive system (1 through 10) (1 to 10).
_____ 1. Esophagus
_____ 2. Duodenum
_____ 3. Ileocecal valve
_____ 4. Mouth
_____ 5. Ileum
_____ 6. Stomach
_____ 7. Large intestine
_____ 8. Rectum
_____ 9. Jejunum
_____ 10. Anus

Question 34

Place the following steps in order to describe the process by which a muscle contraction occurs (1 to 8).
_____ 1. Calcium binds to troponin.
_____ 2. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules bind to the myosin head, detaching it from the actin, and the crossbridge is broken.
_____ 3. The motor neuron receives an action potential and stimulates neurotransmitter release (acetylcholine [ACh]).
_____ 4. Troponin changes shape, and tropomyosin shifts to expose binding sites of actin.
_____ 5. ACh binds to receptors on the motor end plate, which creates an action potential.
_____ 6. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
_____ 7. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is released and the myosin head pivots, pulling the actin toward the center; the muscle is contracting.
_____ 8. During the crossbridge cycle, ATP binds to myosin and activates it. The activated myosin head binds to actin, creating a crossbridge.

Question 35

Place the following steps in order from 1 to 5 with the breakdown associated fat into energy.
_____ 1. NADH and FADH enter the electron transport chain.
_____ 2. Lipolysis breaks triacylglycerol into glycerol and fatty acids.
_____ 3. Acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) enters the citric acid cycle.
_____ 4. Beta oxidation results in breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA and hydrogen.
_____ 5. Fatty acids enter mitochondria of working cells.

Question 36

A recreational runner is training for his first 10K race and would like to increase his VO₂ max. What type of training should be recommended?