Deck 14: Digestive Systems

Question 1

The absorbable unit of carbohydrates is

A) glucose.
B) fructose.
C) galactose.
D) glucose or fructose.
E) all of these.

Answer 1

all of these.

Question 2

The most important carbohydrate for flight in insects is a double glucose molecule called

A) maltose.
B) trehalose.
C) galactose.
D) fructose.
E) insectose.

Answer 2

trehalose.

Question 3

In the digestive system, autonomous smooth muscle activity

A) involves slow-wave potentials.
B) involves a basic electrical rhythm initiated by pacesetter cells.
C) is initiated by the interstitial cells of Cajal.
D) is initiated by cells in the boundary between circular and longitudinal muscle.
E) all of these.

Answer 3

all of these.

Question 4

Which of the following are paired incorrectly?

A) voltage-gated Ca+ channels and slow-wave action potentials in smooth muscle
B) intestinal smooth muscle and a syncytium
C) spiral valve and teleost fish
D) salivary glands and metazoans
E) peristalsis and rumen

Question 5

The crop and proventriculus are parts of the

A) midgut.
B) foregut.
C) stomodaeum.
D) stomoach.
E) stomodaeum also known as the foregut. Reviewer is not totally correct here

Question 6

Which of the following is not an example of a digestive contractile activity?

A) peristalsis
B) segmentation
C) threshold contractions
D) haustral contractions
E) none of these

Question 7

External neural and hormonal regulation are ways to modulate

A) smooth muscle and glands directly.
B) the nerve plexuses.
C) smooth muscle only.
D) glands only.
E) all of these.

Question 8

The intrinsic nerve plexus refers to the

A) enteric nervous system.
B) myenteric plexus.
C) submucous plexus.
D) all of these.

Question 9

Which of the following receptor types is not found in the digestive tract?

A) chemoreceptor
B) osmoreceptor
C) proprioceptors
D) mechanoreceptor
E) none of these.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of saliva?

A) antibacterial action
B) acid neutralizing
C) thermoregulation
D) antocoagulation
E) all of these

Question 11

What type of salivary reflex would be triggered by a pavlovian stimuli?

A) simple
B) conditioned
C) unconditioned
D) two of these.

Question 12

Which of the following is not an activity which prevents food from entering the trachea or nasal passage?

A) inhibition of respiration
B) elevation of the larynx
C) positioning of the tongue against the hard palate
D) contraction of the pharyngeal muscles
E) elevation of the uvula

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a gas associated with ruminants?

A) nitrogen
B) hydrogen sulfide
C) oxygen
D) methane
E) none of these

Question 14

Achalasia

A) is a condition in which the lower esophageal sphincter closes more tightly during swallowing.
B) is a condition in the ruminant stomach which prevents the pyloric sphincter from opening and closing properly.
C) refers to the incomplete digestion of protein by ruminants.
D) is the protection from ingested toxins provided by the epithelium lining of the intestinal tract.
E) none of these.

Question 15

In arthropods the midgut is also referred to as the

A) mesenteron
B) antrum
C) corpus
D) filter chamber
E) proctodaeum

Question 16

What is the result of high acidity in the duodenum?

A) decreased acid production by the stomach
B) inhibition of further emptying of stomach
C) activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes
D) inhibition of NaHCO₃ production
E) increased peristaltic activity

Question 17

Which of the following factors influences the rate of gastric emptying in response to changes in osmolarity?

A) fat in the chyme
B) distention of the stomach
C) acididity of chyme
D) hypertonicity of the duodenal lumen

Question 18

Which of the following secretes pepsinogen, which in turn initiates protein digestion?

A) chief cells
B) mucous cells
C) parietal cells
D) G cells

Question 19

HCl is not involved in

A) protein denaturation.
B) digestion of connective tissue and muscle.
C) D cell activation.
D) pepsin activation.
E) antimicrobial activity.

Question 20

Control of gastric secretion in response to food related stimuli acting on the brain occurs in what phase?

A) cephalic phase
B) gastric phase
C) intestinal phase
D) all of these

Question 21

Which of the following pancreatic enzymes contributes to carbohydrate digestion?

A) amylase
B) chitinase
C) carboxypeptidase
D) amylase and chitinase
E) all of these

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

A) vitamin C synthesis
B) gluconeogenesis
C) storage of iron
D) buoyancy This is a part of the list for liver functions in the book.
E) none of these

Question 23

Which of the following layers of the digestive tract wall is a sparse layer of smooth muscle?

A) sub mucosa
B) mucosa
C) lamina propria
D) muscularis mucosa
E) serosa

Question 24

Which of the following does not form part of a micelle?

A) lecithin
B) bile salt
C) cholesterol
D) hydrophilic core
E) hydrophilic shell

Question 25

Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of protein to peptide fragments?

A) pepsin
B) trypsin
C) aminopepsidase
D) amylase
E) maltase

Question 26

Which enzyme is active at the small intestine brush border?

A) aminopepsidase
B) lipase
C) chymotrypsin
D) pepsin
E) invertase

Question 27

Which of the following is absorbed by secondary active transport?

A) glucose
B) galactose
C) amino acids
D) glucose and amino acids
E) all of these

Question 28

Nonruminats absorb about ________ grams of endogenous proteins a day.

A) 5 to 10
B) 10 to 20
C) 10 to 30
D) 20 to 30
E) 20 to 40

Question 29

Hardware disease

A) occurs when ruminants swallow foreign objects that penetrate the reticulum allowing bacteria to escape.
B) can lead to peritonitis.
C) can occur because ruminants chew the regurgitated cud instead of swallowing their food a single time.
D) two of these
E) all of these.

Question 30

The difference between the ruminant and pseudoruminant digestive system is that

A) the pseudoruminant stomach lacks the omasum.
B) the pseudoruminant stomach lacks the pregastric region.
C) the pseudoruminant stomach lacks the reticulum.
D) the pseudoruminant stomach has four compartments.
E) the pseudoruminant reticulum is the site of nutrient absorption.

Question 31

Which of the following hormons is NOT correctly paired with its function?

A) GIP and stimulation of insulin release
B) CCK and stimulating release of pancreatic enzymes
C) secretin and stimulation of NaHCO₃^-
D) gastrin and stimulation of ileal motility
E) ghrelin and stimulation of the release of growth hormone from the posterior pituitary

Question 32

Which of the following is not a result of diarrhea?

A) dehydration
B) loss of nutrient material
C) increased production of HCl
D) metabolic acidosis
E) elimination of harmful material

Question 33

Which of the following is not a function of the large intestine?

A) digestion at the brush border
B) electrolyte and fluid balance
C) site of microbial fermentation
D) volatile fatty acid production
E) temporary excreta storage

Question 34

Which of the following constitutes part of the endogenous proteins that enter the digestive system?

A) plant protein
B) animal protein
C) digestive enzymes
D) none of these

Question 35

Which of the following is not a component of the villus?

A) terminal lymphatic vessel
B) capillary network
C) epithelial cell covering
D) central lacteal
E) none of these

Question 36

Gastric mixing involves which of the following?

A) partially open pyloric sphincter
B) closed pyloric sphincter
C) propulsion of chyme through duodenum
D) strong antral peristaltic contractions
E) two of these

Question 37

Where does gastric mixing take place?

A) body of the stomach
B) fundus of the stomach
C) antrum of the stomach
D) duodenum of the small intestine after the entrance of chime from the stomach

Question 38

Which of the following factors influence gastric emptying?

A) amount of chyme
B) fluidity of chyme
C) impulses along the intrinsic plexuses
D) impulses along the vagus nerve
E) all of these

Question 39

Until nutrients are absorbed, they are not considered to be inside the body even though
they are inside the digestive tract.

Question 40

Waxes are a common lipid in marine food chains

Question 41

The crop is a modified region of the pharynx.

Question 42

The gastroesophageal sphincter guards the upper opening of the esophagus.

Question 43

Epithelial cells lining the crop of some birds respond to the hormone prolactin.

Question 44

Some birds have structures that act as a modified rumen because they contain bacteria
that that detoxifies harmful alkaloids.

Question 45

The alligator has one of the lowest alkaline tides (buildup of HCO₃^- in the blood as a
result of HCl being secreted into the stomach).

Question 46

The ruminant intestinal tract contains may different types of bacteria including Taeniae
coli.

Question 47

Fat soluble vitamins are carried in micelles and passively absorbed with the end products
of fat digestion in the small intestine.

Question 48

The omasum is the smallest chamber of the ruminant stomach.

Question 49

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-acetylcholine

A) Promotes smooth muscle contraction
B) Promotes smooth muscle relaxation
C) Starch digestion
D) Lipid digestion
E) Sugar digestion
F) Bacterial digestion
G) Outer lumen
H) Inner lumen
I) Regulates gall bladder contraction
J) Secreted in response to high duodenum acidity

Question 50

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Nitric oxide

A) Promotes smooth muscle contraction
B) Promotes smooth muscle relaxation
C) Starch digestion
D) Lipid digestion
E) Sugar digestion
F) Bacterial digestion
G) Outer lumen
H) Inner lumen
I) Regulates gall bladder contraction
J) Secreted in response to high duodenum acidity

Question 51

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Salivary amylase

A) Promotes smooth muscle contraction
B) Promotes smooth muscle relaxation
C) Starch digestion
D) Lipid digestion
E) Sugar digestion
F) Bacterial digestion
G) Outer lumen
H) Inner lumen
I) Regulates gall bladder contraction
J) Secreted in response to high duodenum acidity

Question 52

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Lingual lipase

A) Promotes smooth muscle contraction
B) Promotes smooth muscle relaxation
C) Starch digestion
D) Lipid digestion
E) Sugar digestion
F) Bacterial digestion
G) Outer lumen
H) Inner lumen
I) Regulates gall bladder contraction
J) Secreted in response to high duodenum acidity

Question 53

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Invertase

A) Promotes smooth muscle contraction
B) Promotes smooth muscle relaxation
C) Starch digestion
D) Lipid digestion
E) Sugar digestion
F) Bacterial digestion
G) Outer lumen
H) Inner lumen
I) Regulates gall bladder contraction
J) Secreted in response to high duodenum acidity

Question 54

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Lysozyme

A) Promotes smooth muscle contraction
B) Promotes smooth muscle relaxation
C) Starch digestion
D) Lipid digestion
E) Sugar digestion
F) Bacterial digestion
G) Outer lumen
H) Inner lumen
I) Regulates gall bladder contraction
J) Secreted in response to high duodenum acidity

Question 55

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-ectoperitrophic

A) Promotes smooth muscle contraction
B) Promotes smooth muscle relaxation
C) Starch digestion
D) Lipid digestion
E) Sugar digestion
F) Bacterial digestion
G) Outer lumen
H) Inner lumen
I) Regulates gall bladder contraction
J) Secreted in response to high duodenum acidity

Question 56

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-endopertrophic

A) Promotes smooth muscle contraction
B) Promotes smooth muscle relaxation
C) Starch digestion
D) Lipid digestion
E) Sugar digestion
F) Bacterial digestion
G) Outer lumen
H) Inner lumen
I) Regulates gall bladder contraction
J) Secreted in response to high duodenum acidity

Question 57

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Cholecysokinin

A) Promotes smooth muscle contraction
B) Promotes smooth muscle relaxation
C) Starch digestion
D) Lipid digestion
E) Sugar digestion
F) Bacterial digestion
G) Outer lumen
H) Inner lumen
I) Regulates gall bladder contraction
J) Secreted in response to high duodenum acidity

Question 58

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-secretin

A) Promotes smooth muscle contraction
B) Promotes smooth muscle relaxation
C) Starch digestion
D) Lipid digestion
E) Sugar digestion
F) Bacterial digestion
G) Outer lumen
H) Inner lumen
I) Regulates gall bladder contraction
J) Secreted in response to high duodenum acidity

Question 59

Gastric secretion involves three stages of stimulation and regulation. Compare and contrast the events that occur during the cephalic phase of gastric secretion with those that occur during the gastric phase.

Question 60

Secretin and CCK are involved in the regulation of pancreatic secretions. Discuss the affects of each of these hormones on the pancrease.

Question 61

Compare and contrast simple and conditioned reflexes on salivary secretions. How is the autonomic nervous system involved in salivary secretions?

Question 62

Discuss the breakdown and absorption of proteins in the vertebrate small intestine.

Question 63

The ruminant digestive tract contains many different types of microbes. Discuss the role these microbes play in ruminant nutrition.