Deck 12: Excretory Systems

Question 1

Functions of excretory systems include

A) removal of waste and harmful substances.
B) maintenance of water balance.
C) selective retention of inorganic solutes.
D) waste removal and water balance.
E) all of these.

Answer 1

all of these.

Question 2

Which of the following organ systems is not involved in excretion?

A) urinary system
B) respiratory system
C) integumentary system
D) lymphatic system

Answer 2

lymphatic system

Question 3

Most aquatic organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of

A) urea.
B) ammonia.
C) uric acid.
D) glutamine.

Answer 3

ammonia.

Question 4

Transporting salt without water involves

A) a Na⁺-activated Cl^- channel.
B) Na⁺ build up inside the cell.
C) Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase.
D) a Cl^--activated Na⁺ channel.
E) a NaCl channel.

Question 5

Urine formation involves the process of

A) secretion
B) reabsorption
C) osmoconcentration
D) two of these.
E) all of these

Question 6

Ultrafiltration and osmoconcentration occur in

A) Protonephridia.
B) Metanephridia.
C) Mesonephridia.
D) metanephridia and mesonephridia.
E) protonephridia and metanephridia.

Question 7

Which of the following happens in Malpighian tubules?

A) K⁺ is secreted into the lumen of the tubule.
B) A V-ATPase pumps H⁺ ions.
C) Cl^- is secreted into the lumen.
D) Two of these.
E) None of these.

Question 8

Which of the following is not part of the mammalian cortical nephron?

A) Bowman's capsule
B) Glomerulus
C) Vasa recta
D) Loop of Henle
E) Distal tubule

Question 9

Which of the following forces is NOT involved in glomerular filtration?

A) Renal hydrostatic pressure
B) Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure
C) Glomerular capillary blood pressure
D) Net filtration pressure
E) Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure

Question 10

According to fluid dynamics, glomerular filtration is similar to ultrafiltration in other capillaries with the exception that

A) filtration occurs throughout the length of the capillaries due to the forces acting on the glomerular membrane.
B) glomerular capillaries have high permeability.
C) in other systems reabsorption only occurs towards the ends of the capillaries.
D) higher capillary permeability ensures higher filtration at any pressure in the capillaries.
E) all of these.

Question 11

At a typical filtration pressure of 10 mmHg, the average individual filters about ____ of the plasma that enters the glomerulus.

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%
E) 30% delete line->

Question 12

The glomerular filtration coefficient does NOT account for

A) glomerular membrane permeability.
B) net filtration pressure.
C) glomerular surface area.

Question 13

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole causes

A) a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate.
B) an increase in the blood flow to the glomerulus.
C) an increase in the net filtration pressure.
D) an increase in the glomerular filtration rate.

Question 14

If plasma volume is decreased by hemorrhage

A) baroreceptors in the aortic arch sense the pressure change.
B) cardiac output increases.
C) total peripheral resistance increases
D) a reflex response is initiated.
E) all of these.

Question 15

The myogenic mechanism for GFR auto regulation involves

A) the response to changes in the nephron's tubular component.
B) the response to changes in pressure within the nephron's vascular component.
C) the release of vasoactive paracrines from the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
D) the detection of flow changes by the cells of the macula densa.

Question 16

The filtration coefficient (Kf)

A) is affected by the contractile activity of the filtration membrane.
B) is affected by the amount of K⁺ in the filtrate..
C) is inversely related to GFR which means when Kf decreases the GFR increases.
D) is regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
E) all of these.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a barrier to reabsorption?

A) the cytosol
B) the basolar cell membrane
C) the wall of the capillary
D) the interstitial fluid
E) none of these.

Question 18

Na⁺ reabsorption of sodium in the kidney plays a role in

A) amino acid reabsorption.
B) water reabsorption.
C) regulation of ECF osmolality.
D) secretion of K⁺ .
E) all of these.

Question 19

The term transport maximum, T_m, refers to

A) the maximum amount of a substance that the tubular cells can transport within a given period.
B) the maximum amount of a substance that flows through the peritubular capillary within a given period.
C) the maximum rate of diffusion of sodium through the glomerular membrane.
D) the maximum amount of filtrate that can be produced in the presence of aquaporins.

Question 20

The reabsorption and secretion of _______ is regulated by parathyroid hormone.

A) Ca²⁺
B) PO₄^3-
C) K⁺
D) Ca²⁺and PO₄^3-
E) PO₄^3- and K⁺

Question 21

As sodium is reabsorbed actively, which of the following is absorbed passively?

A) Ca²⁺
B) PO₄^3-
C) Cl^-
D) Na⁺
E) K⁺

Question 22

A high sodium load in the ECF will lead to a/an ____ in plasma volume and a/an ____ in blood pressure.

A) increase, decrease
B) decrease, decrease
C) decrease, increase
D) increase, increase
E) none of these.

Question 23

Increased renin secretion is NOT due to

A) granular cell activation.
B) a pressure drop in the afferent arteriole.
C) an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity.
D) an increase in ECF volume.
E) a drop in blood pressure.

Question 24

Tubular secretion of potassium

A) is controlled by the distal portions of the nephron.
B) occurs through the sodium potassium pump.
C) is minimized due to reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
D) involves passive diffusion from the tubular cell to the lumen.
E) all of these.

Question 25

Increased aldosterone production does NOT result in a/an

A) decrease in tubular K⁺ secretion.
B) increase in urinary K⁺ excretion.
C) increase in tubular K⁺ secretion.
D) decrease in urinary Na⁺ excretion.
E) increase in tubular Na⁺ reabsorption.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a function of organic anion and cation carriers in the proximal tubule?

A) facilitating the elimination of non-filterable organic ions in urine
B) facilitating the excretion via glomerular filtration of blood borne chemical messengers
C) facilitating the excretion of K⁺ and Na⁺ in the urine
D) facilitating the removal of foreign organic chemicals
E) none of these.

Question 27

Which of the following does not contribute to medullary hypertonicity?

A) countercurrent exchange of NaCl and H₂O in the long limbs of the loop of Henle and the interstitial fluid
B) the accumulation of NaCl in the medulla
C) the accumulation of urea in the medullary interstitial fluid
D) none of these.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is NOT descriptive of vasopressin?

A) It is also known as ADH.
B) It decreases tubular permeability to urea.
C) It is produced by the hypothalamus.
D) It is released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
E) It stimulates reabsorption of water.

Question 29

A weak osmoconcentrator will have

A) primarily juxtamedullary nephrons.
B) a large medulla.
C) primarily cortical nephrons.
D) a small body size.
E) none of these.

Question 30

Umbrella cells

A) are located in the kidney.
B) are located in the bladder.
C) are located in the urethra.
D) are at the base of the internal urethral sphincter.
E) none of these.

Question 31

What feature is NOT a characteristic of marine bony fish?

A) small glomeruli
B) chloride cells
C) hypo-osmotic
D) small proximal tubules
E) none of these.

Question 32

Malpighian tubules are part of the ______ excretory system.

A) avian
B) mammalian
C) arthropod
D) reptilian
E) amphibian

Question 33

Large, complex aquatic organisms and all terrestrial ones

A) are urotelic.
B) are ammonotelic.
C) evolved specialized tubules lined with transport epithelia.
D) are uricotelic.
E) none of these.

Question 34

Many Antarctic fish

A) are aglomerular
B) do not use ultrafiltration to produce urine.
C) begin urine formaqtion in the distal tubule.
D) all of these.
E) two of these.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a cause of renal disease?

A) toxic agents
B) duct blockage
C) inappropriate immune response
D) insufficient renal blood supply
E) none of these.

Question 36

Insect urine formation is influence by diuretic hormones.

Question 37

Urinary obstructions such as an enlarged prostate gland can result in elevated capsular
hydrostatic pressure.

Question 38

Reabsorption of most filtered materials occurs in the distal tubule.

Question 39

Micturition involves a spinal reflex and cortical control.

Question 40

Urate is the soluble form of uric acid in the blood.

Question 41

The dessert rat produces highly concentrated urine and excretes uric acid.

Question 42

Renal organs are classified according to which fluids they process and how.

Question 43

In mosquitoes, natriuretic pepetide selectively decreases Na⁺ secretion.

Question 44

In marine bony fish the kidneys play a minor role in correcting Na+ imbalances.

Question 45

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Ammonotelic

A) NH4+ excretion via gills
B) Use uricolytic pathway
C) Uric acid excretors
D) Filtration driven by cilia
E) Filtration driven by fluid pressure
F) Filtration driven by ion secretion
G) Flow detectors
H) Vasoconstrictor
I) Vasodialator
J) ADH

Question 46

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Ureotelic

A) NH4+ excretion via gills
B) Use uricolytic pathway
C) Uric acid excretors
D) Filtration driven by cilia
E) Filtration driven by fluid pressure
F) Filtration driven by ion secretion
G) Flow detectors
H) Vasoconstrictor
I) Vasodialator
J) ADH

Question 47

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Uricotelic

A) NH4+ excretion via gills
B) Use uricolytic pathway
C) Uric acid excretors
D) Filtration driven by cilia
E) Filtration driven by fluid pressure
F) Filtration driven by ion secretion
G) Flow detectors
H) Vasoconstrictor
I) Vasodialator
J) ADH

Question 48

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Protonephridia

A) NH4+ excretion via gills
B) Use uricolytic pathway
C) Uric acid excretors
D) Filtration driven by cilia
E) Filtration driven by fluid pressure
F) Filtration driven by ion secretion
G) Flow detectors
H) Vasoconstrictor
I) Vasodialator
J) ADH

Question 49

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Metanephridia

A) NH4+ excretion via gills
B) Use uricolytic pathway
C) Uric acid excretors
D) Filtration driven by cilia
E) Filtration driven by fluid pressure
F) Filtration driven by ion secretion
G) Flow detectors
H) Vasoconstrictor
I) Vasodialator
J) ADH

Question 50

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Malpighian tubules

A) NH4+ excretion via gills
B) Use uricolytic pathway
C) Uric acid excretors
D) Filtration driven by cilia
E) Filtration driven by fluid pressure
F) Filtration driven by ion secretion
G) Flow detectors
H) Vasoconstrictor
I) Vasodialator
J) ADH

Question 51

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Macula densa

A) NH4+ excretion via gills
B) Use uricolytic pathway
C) Uric acid excretors
D) Filtration driven by cilia
E) Filtration driven by fluid pressure
F) Filtration driven by ion secretion
G) Flow detectors
H) Vasoconstrictor
I) Vasodialator
J) ADH

Question 52

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Endothelin

A) NH4+ excretion via gills
B) Use uricolytic pathway
C) Uric acid excretors
D) Filtration driven by cilia
E) Filtration driven by fluid pressure
F) Filtration driven by ion secretion
G) Flow detectors
H) Vasoconstrictor
I) Vasodialator
J) ADH

Question 53

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Bradykinin

A) NH4+ excretion via gills
B) Use uricolytic pathway
C) Uric acid excretors
D) Filtration driven by cilia
E) Filtration driven by fluid pressure
F) Filtration driven by ion secretion
G) Flow detectors
H) Vasoconstrictor
I) Vasodialator
J) ADH

Question 54

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Vasopresin

A) NH4+ excretion via gills
B) Use uricolytic pathway
C) Uric acid excretors
D) Filtration driven by cilia
E) Filtration driven by fluid pressure
F) Filtration driven by ion secretion
G) Flow detectors
H) Vasoconstrictor
I) Vasodialator
J) ADH

Question 55

Discuss urine formation in Malpighian tubules and cite any similarities with urine formation in the mammalian kidney.

Question 56

Describe the effects of the myogenic and tubuloglomular feedback mechanisms on the autoregulation of the GFR.

Question 57

Discuss the processes involved in activation and suppression of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RASS) and the effects it has on the kidney.

Question 58

Aging and various diseases result in decreased renal function. Discuss five different ramifications of mammalian renal failure.

Question 59

Compare and contrast the role of vasopressin in the dehydration and over hydration mechanisms.