Deck 13: Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

The cognitive growth that takes place during early childhood enables children to develop complex concepts of themselves.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Early childhood is the time when children must learn skills valued in their society.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Erikson's second stage of psychosocial development focuses on industry versus inferiority.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

By age 4 or 5, children typically are aware of feeling shame and pride and they have a clearer idea of the difference between guilt and shame.

Question 5

Emotional self-regulation involves effortful control of emotions, attention, and behavior.

Question 6

Children tend to become more empathic and more inclined to prosocial behavior in early childhood than they were in their infancy.

Question 7

Children are more apt to follow their parents' wishes when they believe that the parents are fair.

Question 8

Most studies of the impact of parents' work on children's well-being have focused on employed fathers.

Question 9

Effective parenting cannot buffer children from the effects of low socioeconomic status (SES).

Question 10

Parents' ability to create a favorable family atmosphere may affect children's adjustment more than their marital status does.

Question 11

A child's adjustment to parental divorce depends in part on the child's age, maturity, gender, temperament, and psychosocial adjustment before the divorce.

Question 12

Children of gays and lesbians are more likely to be confused about their gender than are children of heterosexuals.

Question 13

Adoption is found in all cultures throughout history.

Question 14

Children's concepts of friendship and the ways they act with their friends change with age, reflecting cognitive and emotional growth.

Question 15

Hostile aggression is the hallmark of the preschool period.

Question 16

Adults can help children curb aggression by teaching them how to recognize when they are getting angry and how to control their anger.

Question 17

Rejected children and those exposed to harsh parenting tend to have a hostile attribution bias.

Question 18

Media provides visceral thrills without showing the human cost and leads children to view aggression as acceptable.

Question 19

Bullying involves physical violence but not verbal acts of aggression.

Question 20

The cognitive growth that takes place during middle childhood enables children to

A) form all-or-nothing concepts of themselves.
B) develop trust and the belief that the world is friendly and predictable.
C) develop more complex concepts of themselves than before.
D) form the belief that they can fulfill their needs and obtain their desires.

Question 21

According to Erik Erikson, a major determinant of self-esteem is children's view of their capacity

A) to be creative.
B) for effortful control.
C) for productive work.
D) to form relationships.

Question 22

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages of psychosocial development indicates that children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of lowliness?

A) industry versus inferiority
B) ego integrity versus despair
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 23

The virtue that develops with successful resolution of Erik Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development is

A) love.
B) creativity.
C) competence.
D) autonomy.

Question 24

Leonard, who is in third grade, was initially unable to grasp the concepts taught in his math classes. However, with additional help from his parents and increased practice, he was able to improve his math skills. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, by successfully resolving this crisis, Leonard acquired the virtue of

A) competence.
B) autonomy.
C) basic trust.
D) consideration.

Question 25

Which of the following is a characteristic of children in their middle childhood?

A) They are aware of feeling pride and shame.
B) They cannot differentiate between guilt and shame.
C) Their opinion of themselves remains unaffected by emotions.
D) They fail to understand that they can have conflicting emotions.

Question 26

Mark is a 9-year-old boy. Which of the following, if true, would indicate that he has low effortful control?

A) He thinks girls are boring and plays only with boys.
B) He becomes very angry and throws a tantrum whenever his parents refuse to buy him a toy.
C) He always shows a keen interest in doing things himself and learning new skills.
D) He knows that he is very good at math and science and not that good at geography and history.

Question 27

Holden is 10 years old and finds it easy to curb negative feelings and behavior. When his parents forbid him from doing certain things, such as watching television, he is able to hold back his irritation. This indicates that he has

A) high effortful control.
B) low self-esteem.
C) low global self-worth.
D) high competence.

Question 28

During middle childhood, children

A) are unaware of their culture's rules for acceptable emotional expression.
B) tend to become more empathic.
C) tend to become less inclined to prosocial behavior.
D) are unable to differentiate between guilt and shame.

Question 29

The transitional stage of coregulation occurs during

A) late childhood.
B) early childhood.
C) middle childhood.
D) infancy.

Question 30

Eight-year-old Stephanie is beginning to internalize the values of her parents and society. Although her parents supervise her behavior, they allow her to have periods of self-supervision. This sharing of power between Stephanie and her parents is referred to as

A) coregulation.
B) authoritative parenting.
C) autocratic parenting.
D) self-regulation.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of coregulation?

A) It involves increased levels of direct intervention by parents.
B) It involves stifling the impulse to show negative emotions at inappropriate times.
C) The shift to coregulation affects the way parents handle discipline.
D) The shift to coregulation is usually a consequence of maternal employment.

Question 32

Which of the following scenarios illustrates internalizing behaviors?

A) Anita, a 10-year-old girl, fails to control her anger and hits her friend when the friend breaks her favorite toy.
B) Ryan, an aggressive child, teases other children in his class, threatens to hit them, and takes their things.
C) Meghan, a cheerful girl, becomes depressed after her parents decide to file for divorce.
D) Greg's mother, who is a drug addict, hits him, and he fights with other boys at school to vent his frustrations.

Question 33

Nyle is a 12-year-old boy. His father is an alcoholic, and his family atmosphere is filled with bitterness. His father assaults him and his mother. At school, he bullies younger children and often gets into fights with children of his age. Nyle is likely to be exhibiting

A) internalizing behaviors.
B) externalizing behaviors.
C) altruistic behaviors.
D) intelligent behaviors.

Question 34

Identify a true statement about the impact of the type of care children receive before and/or after school.

A) High-quality child care programs tend to negatively impact children's attachment to their school.
B) Children enrolled in high-quality child care programs show declines in drug use.
C) Children in organized child care programs tend to show increases in problem behaviors.
D) Children who are under parental care after school often show declines in academic achievement.

Question 35

Which of the following is true of children living in poverty?

A) The poverty rate for white children is five times more than that for black and Hispanic children.
B) Poor children are less likely than other children to have emotional or behavioral problems.
C) Poverty tends to have no influence on the cognitive potential and school performance of children under 18.
D) Children living with single mothers are more likely to be poor than children living with married couples.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true about poverty and children?

A) Effective parenting can buffer children from the effects of low socioeconomic status.
B) Children living with married couples are more likely to be poor than children living with single mothers.
C) Poverty affects children's self-esteem, but it does not seem to affect their peer relations or conduct.
D) Poor children are less likely than other children to have emotional or behavioral problems.

Question 37

Which of the following is true about the relationship between family structure and children?

A) Children from stable families are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior than children from divorced families.
B) The marital status of parents may affect children's adjustment more than the quality of parenting does.
C) Family instability may be more harmful to children than the type of family they live in.
D) Children who experience several family transitions are less likely to have behavior problems than children in stable families.

Question 38

In the context of parenting, which of the following is true of divorce?

A) The United States has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world, indicating that more children stay with their married, biological parents.
B) A family's standard of living is most likely to improve after divorce.
C) Younger children tend to be less anxious about divorce than older children.
D) Emotional or behavioral problems children exhibit after parental divorce may reflect the level of parental conflict before the divorce.

Question 39

According to Strohschein (2012), compared with children whose parents stay married, children whose parents later divorce are

A) more likely to show signs of anxiety before the divorce.
B) more likely to have higher academic achievement.
C) less likely to have a birth outside marriage.
D) less likely to show antisocial behavior prior to the divorce.

Question 40

Compared with younger children of divorce, older children

A) tend to show no signs of anxiety or depression prior to the divorce.
B) tend to suffer from more behavior problems.
C) are less likely to be at risk with respect to social outcomes.
D) tend to be at higher risk with respect to academic outcomes.

Question 41

Which of the following is true of custody arrangements in divorced families?

A) All else being equal, research suggests that children do better with joint custody.
B) When one parent has custody, children do better after divorce if the nonresident parent is not closely involved.
C) When one parent has custody, children do better after divorce if the custodial parent follows permissive parenting.
D) When parents have joint legal custody, the child lives part-time with each parent.

Question 42

________ refers to a parenting relationship in which two people, who may or may not be romantically involved, work together in a cooperative fashion to raise a child.

A) Coparenting
B) Coregulation
C) Parental guidance
D) Parental supervision

Question 43

Which of the following is true of the long-term effects of divorce on children?

A) According to Gruber (2004), children of divorce are more likely to have higher socioeconomic status than children of stable families.
B) According to Lansford (2009), children of divorced parents tend to have lower academic achievement than children of stable families.
C) According to Amato (2005), children of divorced parents tend to have marriages that are highly satisfying.
D) According to Bernardi and Radl (2014), children of divorce are more likely to graduate from college than children of stable families.

Question 44

Which of the following is true of single-parent families?

A) Children living with a single parent are exposed to few stressful experiences.
B) Children are far less likely to live with a single mother than with a single father.
C) Children living with a single parent are less likely to be economically disadvantaged because of the smaller size of the family.
D) Children in single-parent families tend to lag socially and educationally behind peers in two-parent families.

Question 45

According to Lugaila (2003), unlike children living in two-parent families, children in single-parent families

A) have fewer school adjustment problems.
B) tend to show steady progress in school.
C) participate less in extracurricular activities.
D) tend to score high in social and academic outcomes.

Question 46

Identify a true statement about cohabiting families.

A) Children living with cohabiting biological parents tend to have worse emotional outcomes than children living with married biological parents.
B) Parents in cohabiting families tend to have relatively less mental health problems and better relationships than parents in married families.
C) Children in cohabiting families have better educational outcomes than children in two-parent families.
D) Cohabiting families are similar to married, two-parent families than to single-parent families in terms of economic disadvantage.

Question 47

Which of the following is true of the development of children of gay and lesbian parents?

A) Children raised by homosexual parents are more likely to become homosexual than children of heterosexual parents.
B) They are more likely to have emotional problems than children of heterosexual parents.
C) They usually have negative relationships with their parents.
D) There are no consistent differences between children raised by homosexual parents and children raised by heterosexual parents.

Question 48

Identify a true statement about children raised by gay or lesbian parents.

A) They are not likely to have positive relationships with their parents.
B) They tend to have consistent negative social outcomes.
C) They report more psychological problems than do children raised by heterosexual parents.
D) They are no more likely to be homosexual or to be confused about their gender than are other children.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true about adopted children in the United States?

A) Transracial adoptions, where at least one parent is of a different race than the child, are common.
B) Cognitively, adoption is usually detrimental to children.
C) Adoption rates for children born to women of color are extremely low at present.
D) Children adopted after 1 year of age are less likely than those adopted in infancy to show disturbances in their attachment patterns.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about sibling relationships is correct?

A) When the parent-child relationship is conflictual, sibling conflict is less likely.
B) A child's behavior with his or her siblings is independent of the behavior patterns established with parents.
C) Competition and fight among siblings are virtually nonexistent in developing countries.
D) Children are more likely to squabble with same-sex siblings.

Question 51

Which of the following is true of sibling relationships?

A) Mixed-sex dyads are higher in sibling intimacy than sisters.
B) High sibling conflict reduces internalizing and externalizing problems in children.
C) Siblings learn about others' points of view, negotiation, and problem solving through conflicts.
D) The negative influence of an older antisocial sibling on a younger sibling is limited to mixed-sex dyads.

Question 52

Identify a true statement about peer groups formed in middle childhood.

A) They help reduce prejudices and biases.
B) They often consist of children of the same racial or ethnic origin.
C) They tend to include children of different socioeconomic status.
D) They are rarely gender-specific.

Question 53

Which of the following is true of the influence of peer groups in middle childhood?

A) They seldom help children develop a sense of identity.
B) They deprive children of a sense of belonging.
C) They sometimes foster antisocial tendencies.
D) They help reduce biases and prejudices.

Question 54

Barnett, a non-Hispanic, white boy, often played with Lian, an Asian American boy. Barnett's group of friends did not accept Lian and picked on him as he looked different. Barnett gave in to the pressure to conform and adopted his peer group's attitude toward Lian. He began to view Lian as an outsider and stopped playing with him. The attitude of Barnett and his peer group toward Lian exemplifies the concept of

A) coregulation.
B) prejudice.
C) hostile attribution bias.
D) instrumental aggression.

Question 55

In the context of gender and peer groups, girls differ from boys in that girls

A) report liking friends high in positive affect.
B) play in large groups with well-defined leadership hierarchies.
C) engage only in competitive and rough-and-tumble play.
D) prefer friends high in optimism and empathy.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true of peer groups in middle childhood?

A) Children segregate themselves by sex and engage in different activities because of boys' higher activity levels and more vigorous play.
B) Boys have more intimate conversations characterized by prosocial interactions and shared confidences.
C) Same-sex peer groups prevent children from incorporating gender roles into their self-concept.
D) Boys' and girls' peer groups engage in similar types of activities.

Question 57

Identify a true statement about sociometrically popular children.

A) They are good at solving social problems.
B) They often act silly and immature or anxious and uncertain.
C) They receive many positive and negative nominations.
D) They are assertive and are often disruptive or aggressive in their ways

Question 58

In the context of sociometric popularity, which of the following is true of unpopular children?

A) They tend to be high achievers.
B) They are often sensitive to other children's feelings.
C) They are not aggressive or disruptive.
D) They do not adapt well to new situations.

Question 59

Jenny is new in her class and is having difficulty making friends. She is usually inattentive and withdrawn during class activities. In a classroom sociometric popularity study, she gets no nominations from the other students of her class. This indicates that Jenny is sociometrically

A) average.
B) popular.
C) unpopular.
D) controversial.

Question 60

Unpopular children tend to make friends who are

A) older.
B) popular.
C) in the same class.
D) in a different school.

Question 61

What is the difference between preschool friends and school-age friends?

A) Unlike preschool children, school-age children do not have preferred playmates.
B) Friendship among school-age children is more reciprocal than among preschool children.
C) Preschool children have more stable friendships than school-age children.
D) Unlike school-age children, preschool children distinguish among "best friends," "good friends," and "casual friends."

Question 62

Which of the following is true of friendship among school-age children?

A) They fail to distinguish among "best friends," "good friends," and "casual friends."
B) Unlike girls, boys care less about having many friends than about having a few close friends they can rely on.
C) They have less stable friendships than preschool children.
D) Boys have more friendships than girls, but they tend to be less intimate.

Question 63

In middle childhood, boys differ from girls in that boys have

A) three to five "best" friends.
B) more intimate friendships.
C) less affectionate friendships.
D) fewer friends.

Question 64

After age 6 or 7, most children become

A) more egocentric.
B) less empathic.
C) less aggressive.
D) less communicative.

Question 65

Donna, a 5-year-old girl, often acts aggressively toward her playmates to get her own way. She physically fights with children who have toys that she wants, and she snatches their toys from them. Donna's behavior is most likely to be categorized as ________ aggression.

A) hostile
B) instrumental
C) social
D) indirect

Question 66

Aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person is known as ________ aggression.

A) prejudiced
B) hostile
C) instrumental
D) relational

Question 67

According to Vaillancourt and Hymel (2006), which of the following is true of aggression in middle childhood?

A) Generally, those children who are high in physical aggression are well liked by peers.
B) Relationally aggressive children seek out children who are high in hostile aggression as friends.
C) School-age children are most likely to be instrumental aggressors.
D) Relational aggression has been associated with increased social influence and popularity.

Question 68

Mia, a 12-year-old girl, dislikes her classmate Alice. She often spreads rumors about Alice and encourages others to ignore her. Mia uses similar tactics to hurt other girls in her school. Mia's behavior exemplifies which of the following?

A) physical aggression
B) instrumental aggression
C) direct aggression
D) relational aggression

Question 69

Which of the following statements is true about aggression in children after the age of 7?

A) Girls continue to engage in more direct aggression.
B) Boys are increasingly more likely to engage in social or indirect aggression.
C) Instrumental aggression becomes much more common in both boys and girls.
D) Hostile aggression often takes verbal rather than physical form.

Question 70

The tendency for individuals to perceive others as trying to hurt them and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense is known as

A) choice-supportive bias.
B) hostile attribution bias.
C) self-serving bias.
D) confirmation bias.

Question 71

Andy is an 11-year-old boy. While having lunch in the school cafeteria, a boy walking past him misses a step and spills a few drops of his drink on Andy. Andy thinks that the boy's action was deliberate and shouts at him. Which of the following concepts is illustrated by Andy's behavior?

A) instrumental aggression
B) prejudice
C) elicited imitation
D) hostile attribution bias

Question 72

Identify a true statement about hostile aggressors.

A) They view force and coercion as effective ways to get what they want.
B) Their actions are often deliberated and not out of anger.
C) They believe that aggression will lead to a successful resolution of conflicts.
D) They are aggressive because they expect to be rewarded for it.

Question 73

Which of the following is true of the influence of televised violence on school-age children?

A) Children are likely to view aggression as unacceptable if they are shown the human cost of violence.
B) When the violence is initiated by a child, as in video games, the effect is likely to be relatively insignificant.
C) The more realistically violence is portrayed, the more likely it is to be accepted.
D) Children are likely to be strongly influenced by televised violence if they watch such shows with parental supervision.

Question 74

In the context of electronic media violence, which of the following is true of the influence of video games on school-age children?

A) Players of violent games are active participants who receive positive reinforcement for violent actions.
B) Young video game players often show prosocial behavior.
C) Players of violent games are less likely to respond violently to provocation than other children.
D) Long-term increases in violent behavior could be less for video games than for TV and movies.

Question 75

Adam and Sofia have a 10-year-old child. They are aware of the negative influences of violent media on children. Therefore, they strictly monitor and control their child's access to media at home. They let him play video games for an hour after homework on school days, and under their supervision, they allow him to watch television for only about 14 hours a week. They also ensure that the media content he has access to is age appropriate. Suggest a change Adam and Sofia should make to ensure that their child is not negatively influenced by media?

A) They should avoid censoring media content their child has access to.
B) They should increase the time their child spends playing video games.
C) They should encourage their child to appreciate characters who use violence to achieve their goal.
D) They should reduce the total time the child spends on media to approximately 7 hours a week.

Question 76

Aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and defenseless is known as

A) niche picking.
B) differentiation.
C) bullying.
D) instrumental aggression.

Question 77

Dan, who is bigger and stronger than most of his classmates, often pushes them to get ahead in queues. He often snatches food from other children during lunch hours. Dan is most likely engaged in

A) relational bullying.
B) verbal bullying.
C) physical bullying.
D) cyberbullying.

Question 78

Miranda is in fourth grade and often addresses Jenny, her classmate, using derogatory nicknames. Miranda even threatens Jenny and tells her not to talk to her friend, Ron. In this scenario, Jenny is facing

A) instrumental bullying.
B) verbal bullying.
C) physical bullying.
D) emotional bullying.

Question 79

Claire is always excluded by Regina and her group of friends from all activities in their class. They look down upon her because of her low economic status. Whenever she is not around, they talk negatively about her. In this scenario, Claire is facing

A) relational bullying.
B) instrumental bullying.
C) physical bullying.
D) cyberbullying.

Question 80

Posting negative comments or derogatory photos of a fellow school student on a website is an example of

A) scaffolding.
B) cyberbullying.
C) sexting.
D) cyberstalking.