Deck 44: The Muscular-Skeletal System and Locomotion

Question 1

Hydrostatic skeletons are normally used for movement by all of the following animals EXCEPT

A) annelids.
B) cnidarians.
C) crustaceans.
D) nematodes.
E) earthworms.

Answer 1

crustaceans.

Question 2

Exoskeletons are used for movement by which of the following animals?

A) insects
B) cnidarians
C) crustaceans
D) humans
E) insects and crustaceans

Answer 2

insects and crustaceans

Question 3

Which of the following Types of Skeletons must be shed typically for an animal to grow?

A) exoskeleton
B) endoskeleton
C) hydrostatic skeleton
D) All choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

exoskeleton

Question 4

A skeleton that relies on muscular force exerted against water is termed

A) a hydrostatic skeleton.
B) an endoskeleton.
C) an exoskeleton.
D) an ectoskeleton.
E) a hygroscopic skeleton.

Question 5

In which of the following animals would you NOT find an endoskeleton?

A) starfish
B) sea sponge
C) crocodile
D) shark
E) beetle

Question 6

Which of the following groups of vertebrates lacks bone?

A) ray-finned fishes
B) sharks
C) amphibians
D) reptiles
E) birds

Question 7

Which of the following is an important function of The Vertebrate Skeleton?

A) support and locomotion
B) blood formation
C) calcium homeostasis
D) protection of soft tissues such as the brain
E) All of the choices for this question are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following is a component of the human axial skeleton?

A) sternum (breastbone)
B) vertebral column
C) hips
D) humerus (upper arm bone)
E) the sternum and vertebral column

Question 9

A scientist looking through a microscope at a piece of shoulder muscle would see which of the following features?

A) striated with unbranched fibers
B) striated with branched fibers
C) nonstriated with unbranched fibers
D) nonstriated with branched fibers
E) None of the answers for this question are correct.

Question 10

Skeletal muscles are

A) striated, voluntary, and have unbranched fibers.
B) striated, voluntary, and have branched fibers.
C) striated, involuntary, and have branched fibers.
D) nonstriated, voluntary, and have unbranched fibers.
E) nonstriated, involuntary, and have branched fibers.

Question 11

Smooth muscle differs from skeletal muscle in which of the following ways?

A) It lacks actin.
B) Calcium is not involved in the contraction mechanism.
C) Skeletal muscle cells are smaller.
D) It lacks transverse tubules.
E) None of the answers provided are correct.

Question 12

The thin filament contains _____ molecules.

A) actin
B) myosin
C) troponin
D) tropomyosin
E) All of the choices are correct except myosin

Question 13

What is the primary function of the transverse tubules?

A) Conduct action potentials from the surface of the muscle fiber to internal regions near myofibrils.
B) Act as a channel for Ca²⁺ ions during excitation-contraction coupling.
C) Form cross-bridges between actin and myosin during muscle contraction.
D) Attach troponin to tropomyosin.
E) Attach muscle fibers to skeletal elements to exert force.

Question 14

When an organism dies, its muscles remain in a contracted state termed rigor mortis for a brief period of time. Which of the following most directly contributes to this phenomenon?

A) no ATP to move cross-bridges
B) no ATP to break cross-bridges between thick and thin filaments
C) no calcium to bind to troponin
D) no oxygen supplied to muscle
E) no energy for the synthesis of actin and myosin

Question 15

Muscle samples are taken from two groups of men. One group performs regular intense aerobic exercise. The second group is sedentary and does not exercise. When you compare their muscle samples at the microscopic level, you expect to find that the exercising men show increases in

A) Golgi apparatus.
B) capillary density.
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D) mitochondria.
E) mitochondria and capillary density.

Question 16

When undergoing strength training, the number of _____ in each _____ undergoes a/an ___.

A) myofibrils, muscle fiber, decrease
B) myofibrils, muscle fiber, increase
C) sarcomeres, myofibril, decrease
D) muscle fibers, muscle, increase
E) motor units, muscle, increase

Question 17

When Ron Evans generated transgenic mice in which the gene PPAR-delta was constituitively active (i.e., always expressed), he found that these mice showed a shift from fast glycolytic fibers to slow oxidative fibers. One consequence of this change was that the transgenic mice

A) showed greater endurance in a running test.
B) showed less endurance in a running test.
C) had leg muscles with lower mitochondrial and capillary densities than wild-type (nontransgenic) mice.
D) were more likely to become obese than wild-type (nontransgenic) mice.
E) had muscles that were not as red as those of wild-type (nontransgenic) mice.

Question 18

The streamlined shape of the dolphin, seal, and other swimming animals is most important for which of the following reasons?

A) reducing drag from the water they must swim through
B) overcoming the forces of gravity acting on the animal
C) reducing the density of the water they must swim through
D) maintaining a low speed in the dense medium
E) All of the choices for this question are correct

Question 19

Flying has evolved in all but which of the following groups?

A) reptiles
B) insects
C) mammals
D) birds
E) amphibians

Question 20

The disease osteoporosis involves loss of both mineral and organic components from bones. Which of the following can contribute to the development of osteoporosis?

A) prolonged disuse of muscles
B) decline in estrogen following menopause in women
C) lack of calcium in the diet
D) lack of vitamin D in the diet
E) All of the choices for this question are correct

Question 21

In order for something to be considered a skeleton, it must contain bone or some other hard substance.

Question 22

Endoskeletons may be involved in directly protecting the body surface.

Question 23

When a person "works out"with weights, their muscles typically grow. This growth is due to increases in the number of myofibrils within their muscle fibers.

Question 24

When Ron Evans generated transgenic mice in which the gene PPAR-delta was constituitively active (i.e., always expressed), he found that these mice showed a shift from fast glycolytic fibers to slow oxidative fibers. Based on this, you would also predict faster sprint speeds in the transgenic mice.

Question 25

Muscles that extend a limb at a joint are termed "extensors."

Question 26

Walking or running are more energetically expensive forms of locomotion than either swimming or flying.

Question 27

Flying animals tend to be smaller than non-flying animals.