Deck 27: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

The most ancient type of organisms on Earth originated:

A) 4,004 years ago
B) 7,200 years ago
C) 2 million years ago
D) 3.5 billion years ago
E) 13 billion years ago

Answer 1

3.5 billion years ago

Question 2

Because they differ from all other living organisms by lacking a discrete nucleus and many other cell inclusions, Bacteria and Archaea are considered to be:

A) karyoki
B) prophasic
C) histrionic
D) prophylactic
E) prokaryotic

Answer 2

prokaryotic

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT true of horizontal (lateral) transfer of genetic information?

A) transfers genes from parent to progeny
B) increases genetic diversity
C) is important for inferring phylogeny
D) can produce large genetic change
E) occurs commonly in bacteria

Answer 3

transfers genes from parent to progeny

Question 4

A protein that can move protons and other ions across a cellular membrane is called a:

A) peristaltic pump
B) proton pump
C) osmotic pump
D) transferase
E) stile

Question 5

Which of the following characteristics do not occur in ANY cyanobacterium?

A) undergoes photosynthesis
B) poisons natural bodies of water
C) generates oxygen
D) generates methane
E) detects the Earth's magnetic field

Question 6

There is great diversity of shape among microbes. Form is one of the ways different taxa can be distinguished. Which of the following shapes are not found among the microbes?

A) rods
B) spheres
C) octagons
D) curved shapes
E) spirals

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of slimy mucilage in microbes?

A) protects against the host's immune system
B) binds nutrients
C) serves as a flotation device
D) prevents desiccation (drying out)
E) protects against ultraviolet radiation

Question 8

Microorganisms may aggregate and glue themselves to teeth to form dental plaque. This is an example of:

A) a biofilm
B) a dentifrice
C) halitosis
D) a dontoid layer
E) annealed enamel

Question 9

Some individual microbes secrete small molecules that induce other microbes to settle nearby. The aggregation that forms responds collectively to stimuli and moves in common to new sites and secretes mucilage. This process is called:

A) pre-sociality
B) muco-aggregation
C) archae sociality
D) quorum sensing
E) mass-settling

Question 10

Which of the following statements is NOT true of Gram-positive bacteria?

A) They have a thicker peptidoglycan layer than do Gram-negative bacteria.
B) They turn purple when subjected to the Gram-staining process whereas Gram-negative bacteria stain pink.
C) They lack the lipopolysaccharide that Gram-negative bacteria have.
D) They fluoresce at a different color than do Gram-negative bacteria.
E) They have a gram molecular weight of more than 1.0 whereas Gram-negative bacteria have a gram molecular weight of less than 1.0.

Question 11

Flagella occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which of the following statements DOES NOT describe how the flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

A) Eukaryotic flagella have microtubules in a cytoskeleton whereas prokaryotic ones do not.
B) Eukaryotic flagella have the motor protein dynein whereas the prokaryotic one does not.
C) The eukaryotic flagellum is covered by the plasma membrane whereas that of the prokaryotes is not.
D) Prokaryotic flagella have a basal apparatus and hook that rotates the filament whereas eukaryotic flagella do not.
E) The filament of eukaryotes is multilayered whereas that of prokaryotes is a single strand.

Question 12

Which of the following structures allow microbes to glide across surfaces?

A) flagella
B) gas vesicles
C) microtubules
D) filament
E) pili

Question 13

Binary fission is:

A) cell division by meiosis
B) cell division by mitosis
C) cell division by simple splitting
D) fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
E) exchange of genes between two cells

Question 14

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by endospore-forming bacteria?

A) pneumonia
B) botulism
C) anthrax
D) tetanus
E) lockjaw

Question 15

The oldest spores from which bacteria have been successfully cultured were:

A) ten weeks old
B) ten years old
C) 7,000 years old
D) 25 million years old
E) 250 million years old

Question 16

The process whereby genetic exchange occurs by way of viruses carrying genes from one microbe to another is known as:

A) conjugation
B) transduction
C) transformation
D) transubstantiation
E) interchange

Question 17

A bacterial "bloom" is:

A) the reproductive parts of bacteria
B) malformation of flowers caused by bacterial infections
C) unusual coloring of the water of lakes, ponds, or the sea caused by high numbers of bacteria
D) souring of milk caused by bacteria
E) swelling of a wound because of bacterial infection

Question 18

Which of the following series is arranged in the correct sequence of occurrence during the fixation and subsequent use of nitrogen?

A) atmospheric nitrogen; bacterial nitrogenase; ammonia; conversion by plants or algae; synthesis of proteins
B) atmospheric nitrogen; bacterial nitrogenase; conversion by plants or algae; ammonia; synthesis of proteins
C) atmospheric nitrogen; ammonia; bacterial nitrogenase; conversion by plants or algae; synthesis of proteins
D) atmospheric nitrogen; ammonia; bacterial nitrogenase; synthesis of proteins; conversion by plants or algae
E) none of the other options displayed

Question 19

Organisms that fix nitrogen are called:

A) fertilizers
B) nitrophiles
C) diazotrophs
D) nodules
E) none of the options listed

Question 20

A lichen is an example of:

A) a pathogen
B) a parasite
C) an archaean
D) a methanogen
E) a mutualistic relationship

Question 21

Two kinds of organisms living together in ways beneficial to both is called:

A) mutualism
B) bonding
C) parasitism
D) sociality
E) none of the other choices provided

Question 22

A parasite is also a(n):

A) nitrogen fixer
B) autotroph
C) heterotroph
D) methanogen
E) mutualist

Question 23

The secretory systems of Type III and Type IV pathogenic bacteria differ in their mode of attacking cells in which of the following ways?

A) Type III systems bind to the cellular membrane by slimy mucilage and toxins diffuse across the membrane, whereas Type IV systems infect materials using pili as transfer tubes.
B) Type IV systems bind to the cellular membrane by slimy mucilage and toxins diffuse across the membrane, whereas Type III systems infect materials using pili as transfer tubes.
C) Both systems attach to cells in the same way but they differ merely in the chemicals that they inject into the host cell.
D) Type III systems use flagella modified as "syringes" to inject materials into cells they are infecting whereas Type IV systems use modified pili as transfer tubes.
E) Type IV systems use flagella modified as "syringes" to inject materials into cells they are infecting whereas Type III systems use modified pili as transfer tubes.

Question 24

Some bacteria exhibit a primitive form of behavior in that they can sense the properties of their environments and use that ability to make adaptive responses. Which of the following are NOT capabilities of any known bacterium?

A) orientation with respect to the Earth's magnetic field
B) move to other bacteria and aggregate with them in response to chemical signals
C) find nutrients by moving upward in the water column with the aid of flotation devices
D) respond to other individual bacteria and transmit DNA via conjugation
E) none of the other options presented

Question 25

The Danish physician Hans Christian Gram

A) developed the Gram-stain technique
B) devised the metric system of weights (milligrams, grams, kilograms)
C) developed the procedures for determining whether a particular organism causes a specific disease
D) developed both the Gram stain and the method of determining whether a particular organism causes a specific disease
E) none of the other options presented

Question 26

Many new, previously unsuspected species have been discovered through application of the molecular technique of DNA sequencing.

Question 27

Heterocysts are specialized cells in plant roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Question 28

Various anaerobic Archaea that convert carbon dioxide and other carbon-bearing compounds into methane are called methanotrophs.

Question 29

Type III and Type IV systems are potentially applicable to treatment of human disease by using them to deliver DNA to target cells in human gene therapy.

Question 30

Archaea are prokaryotes and Bacteria are eukaryotes.

Question 31

A pathogen is a parasitic microbe.

Question 32

Feeding antibiotics to livestock promotes human health.