Deck 5: Probation and Intermediate Sanctions

Question 1

What is the most common sanction administered throughout the United States?

A) parole
B) probation
C) incarceration
D) death

Answer 1

probation

Question 2

What is a control valve mechanism that mitigates the flow of inmates sent directly to the jailhouse?

A) parole
B) prison
C) probation
D) all of these

Answer 2

probation

Question 3

Probation is a uniquely ______ invention.

A) American
B) French
C) English
D) Italian

Answer 3

American

Question 4

The father of modern probation is ______.

A) Cesare Beccaria
B) John Howard
C) William Penn
D) John Augustus

Question 5

What was John Augustus' actual goal?

A) to attempt to reform offenders
B) to spare individuals the misery of jail
C) to attempt to reform local jails
D) to spare the courts the misery of dealing with nonviolent offenders

Question 6

In many cases, probation sentences are meted out at what level of government?

A) city
B) county
C) state
D) federal

Question 7

The majority of offenders tend to commit crimes that are petty, nonserious, or nonviolent. This means that they will tend to qualify for jail or ______.

A) incarceration
B) confinement
C) probation
D) transfer

Question 8

What are criminal offenders who have been sentenced to a period of correctional supervision in lieu of incarceration?

A) probationers
B) parolees
C) civil slaves
D) none of these

Question 9

Probationers continue to account for the largest proportion of persons under corrections supervision, with ______ of all convicted offenders being on probation.

A) 32%
B) 78%
C) 58%
D) 12%

Question 10

What group makes up the largest segment of the correctional population?

A) parolees
B) probationers
C) prison inmates
D) jail inmates

Question 11

Roughly ______ of all probationers are convicted of a felony offense, with the misdemeanor population consisting of 41%.

A) 32%
B) 57%
C) 22%
D) 78%

Question 12

Probation systems can be separated into which of the following categories?

A) juvenile
B) county
C) state
D) all of these

Question 13

The ______ is a file that includes a wide range of background information on the offender.

A) postsentence investigation report
B) presanction analysis
C) presentence investigation report
D) presentence commission account

Question 14

What report tends to serve as a basic foundation for supervision and treatment planning throughout the offender's sentence, both when on probation and later if the offender is incarcerated?

A) presentence investigation
B) preliminary investigation
C) postsentence investigation
D) primary investigation

Question 15

According to Neubauer (2007), who does the public perceive as the principal decision maker in criminal court?

A) defense attorney
B) judge
C) prosecutor
D) offender

Question 16

Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2017) indicate that what percent of all probation officers are female?

A) 34%
B) 48%
C) 55%
D) 63.5%

Question 17

How do probation officers maintain supervision?

A) personal contact with the offender
B) personal contract with the offender's family
C) contact with the offender's employer
D) all of these

Question 18

What type of probation officer protects both the offender and the community by providing the offender with assistance as well as praise and blame?

A) welfare worker
B) punitive
C) paternal
D) passive

Question 19

What type of probation officer sees themselves as needing to use threats and punishment in order to gain compliance from the offender?

A) punitive
B) passive
C) welfare worker
D) paternal

Question 20

Entry-level probation officers should be in good physical and emotional condition. Most agencies require applicants to be at least ______ years old.

A) 21
B) 18
C) 25
D) 22

Question 21

Probation officer applicants are usually administered all of the following examinations except ______.

A) physical examination
B) written examination
C) psychological examination
D) social examination

Question 22

Research indicates that roughly what percentage of all probationers fail to compete the initial requirements of their probation?

A) 22%
B) 33%
C) 44%
D) 55%

Question 23

Which stage of a revocation proceeding allows the probation agency to present evidence of the violation?

A) hearing
B) preliminary hearing
C) sentencing
D) appellate

Question 24

The ______ stage is when a judge requires either that the offender be incarcerated or, as in many cases where the violation is minor, that the offender continue his or her probation sentence but under more restrictive terms.

A) hearing
B) sentencing
C) preliminary
D) secondary

Question 25

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that parolees facing revocation must be given due process through a prompt informal inquiry before an impartial hearing officer?

A) Vitek v. Jones
B) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
C) Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott
D) Morrissey v. Brewer

Question 26

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that all of the requirements for parole revocation proceedings noted in Morrissey also applied to revocation proceedings dealing with probationers?

A) Vitek v. Jones
B) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
C) Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott
D) United States v. Knights

Question 27

What is the most frequent reason for a probation revocation?

A) receiving another criminal sentence
B) using crack-cocaine while on probation
C) failing to contact their probation officer
D) moving jurisdictions

Question 28

______ violations are actions that do not comply with the conditions and requirements of a probationer's sentence, as articulated by the court that acted as the sentencing authority.

A) Mental
B) Technical
C) Logistical
D) Emotional

Question 29

Which of the following is not an example of a technical violation?

A) committing a new crime
B) failing to attend mandated therapy
C) failure to complete scheduled amounts of community service
D) failing to stay out of bars or nightclubs

Question 30

Which intermediate sanction reviews vocational training, life skills training, and psychological/psychiatric issues?

A) injunctive measures
B) economic measures
C) education-related measures
D) incarceration measures

Question 31

Monitoring and compliance measures can include ______.

A) face-to-face reporting
B) mail reporting
C) direct surveillance or observation
D) all of these

Question 32

Perhaps the most widely known yet least likely to be used form of intermediate sanctioning is ______.

A) incarceration
B) community service
C) probation
D) intensive supervised probation

Question 33

Early forms of Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) operated under what conservative philosophy?

A) increasing public safety via offender rehabilitation
B) increasing public safety via strict offender scrutiny
C) increasing public safety via offender reentry
D) all of these

Question 34

What types of electronic monitoring systems are used in conjunction with the local telephone line?

A) passive
B) continental
C) telephonic
D) active

Question 35

What types of electronic monitoring systems have a higher rate of false alarms?

A) continental
B) active
C) passive
D) telephonic

Question 36

Which of the following is not an advantage of active GPS systems?

A) seek to alleviate prison overcrowding
B) immediate response capability
C) data reporting in near-real time
D) high daily cost

Question 37

Which of the following is not an advantage of passive GPS systems?

A) "after-the-fact" tracking data
B) small, lightweight device
C) lower daily cost
D) can be independent of wireless data services

Question 38

______ is the mandated action that forces an offender to stay within the confines of his or her home or on the property until a time specified by the sentencing judge.

A) Probation
B) Home detention
C) Home parole
D) Work release

Question 39

______ are treatment facilities to which offenders are required to report, usually on a daily basis.

A) Day reporting centers
B) Night reporting centers
C) Abuse shelters
D) Weekend confinement

Question 40

Probation, as implemented by county and state jurisdictions around the nation, is the most common sanction administered in the United States.

Question 41

Parole is a control valve mechanism that mitigates the flow of inmates sent directly to the jail.

Question 42

William Penn founded modern probation in Massachusetts.

Question 43

John Augustus is often recognized as the Father of Modern Probation.

Question 44

Probation is the most common sentence for violent criminal offenders.

Question 45

The rate of probation absconders has, during the past decade, slightly increased from 9% to 10% and indicates a general need for improved methods of security for probationers.

Question 46

Most probation officers legally carry a firearm while at work.

Question 47

All probation officer applicants are administered a polygraph examination.

Question 48

The first stage in a revocation proceeding is the preliminary hearing.

Question 49

The case of Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973) extended the rights afforded to parolees under Morrissey to offenders on probation as well.

Question 50

The most frequent reason for a probation revocation tends to be failing to contact their probation officer.

Question 51

Physical violations are actions that do not comply with the conditions and requirements of a probationer's sentence, as articulated by the court that acted as the sentencing authority.

Question 52

An offender who has very few technical violations while on probation would seem to indicate that reform is not their top priority.

Question 53

Intermediate sanctions are a range of sentencing options that fall between incarceration and probation.

Question 54

Methadone treatment is a form of education-related measures.

Question 55

Physical confinement measures can involve day reporting centers and halfway homes.

Question 56

Most offenders convicted of a criminal offense are assessed a fine as a punishment for committing the offense.

Question 57

The logic behind the fine is that it will deter the offender from committing another offense in the future for fear of being fined again.

Question 58

The most widely used form of intermediate sanctioning is community service.

Question 59

Who is the Father of Probation, and how did he initially implement the practice of probation?

Question 60

How does probation influence jurisdiction?

Question 61

What are the several qualifications and characteristics of most probation officers?

Question 62

What is the importance of Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) and Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)?

Question 63

Discuss the purpose of fines as intermediate sanctions. Why are fines utilized as a form of punishment?

Question 64

What is intensive supervision probation (ISP) and which offenders should enter the program?

Question 65

Who was John Augustus? What impact did he have on probation?

Question 66

Explain the role of a probation officers. What are the different types of parole officers?

Question 67

Discuss how electronic monitoring is used in intermediate sanctions. What is the difference between passive and active monitoring systems?