Deck 1: Early History of Punishment and the Development of Prisons in the United States

Question 1

______ is defined as the process whereby practitioners from a variety of agencies and programs use tools, techniques, and facilities to engage in organized security and treatment functions intended to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.

A) Corrections
B) Police
C) Courts
D) Justice

Answer 1

Corrections

Question 2

The criminal justice system generally consists of ______segments.

A) three
B) eight
C) nine
D) five

Answer 2

five

Question 3

Unlike the______, who are tasked with apprehending offenders and preventing crime, correctional personnel often work to change (or at least keep contained) the offender population.

A) police
B) judge
C) prosecutor
D) jury

Answer 3

police

Question 4

Which justice system is unique due to the civil nature of the proceedings?

A) military
B) criminal
C) juvenile
D) domestic

Question 5

Which service is the easiest to sympathize with due to assisting and aiding who were targeted by crime?

A) correctional
B) victim
C) offender
D) investigative

Question 6

What is the contention that the use of harsh punishments sensitizes people to violence and essentially teaches them to use violence rather than acting as a deterrent?

A) prisonization hypothesis
B) retribution hypothesis
C) brutalization hypothesis
D) punishment hypothesis

Question 7

The earliest written code of punishment was known as the ______.

A) Egyptian Code
B) Babylonian Code
C) Code of Hammurabi
D) Code of Caesar

Question 8

What term referred to the Babylonian law of equal retaliation?

A) habeas corpus
B) lex corpus
C) habeas talionis
D) lex talionis

Question 9

What legal basis reflected the instinctive desire for humans who have been harmed to seek revenge?

A) habeas talionis
B) deterrence
C) lex talionis
D) punishment

Question 10

Under which early code were punishments severe and tended to be terminal, with imprisonment simply being a means of holding the accused until those in power had decided the offender's fate?

A) Napoleonic
B) Roman
C) Hammurabi
D) Sumerian

Question 11

Under Roman law, what resulted in the offender's property being excised by the government and the marriage (if any) between the offender and his or her spouse was declared void, providing the status of widow to the spouse?

A) civil death
B) habeas corpus
C) civilus talionis
D) divorce

Question 12

What consisted of very dangerous and/or impossible tests to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused?

A) hanging
B) civil trial
C) trial by ordeal
D) sanctuary

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a type of building that during ancient times, many nations designated where accused offenders could stay, free from attack, until such time that their innocence could be established (presuming that they were, in fact, innocent)?

A) courthouse
B) police station
C) dungeon
D) church

Question 14

In England, what was provided until some form of negotiation was arranged or until the accused was ultimately smuggled out of the area?

A) plea bargaining
B) sanctuary
C) trial by ordeal
D) stocks and pillories

Question 15

What are crimes against society or a social group, which historically tended to include sacrilege as well as other crimes against religion, treason, witchcraft, incest, sex offenses of any sort, and even violations of hunting rules?

A) public transcreations
B) public biases
C) public injustices
D) public wrongs

Question 16

What are crimes against an individual that could include physical injury, damage to a person's property, or theft?

A) private transcreations
B) private wrongs
C) private injustices
D) private biases

Question 17

What type of early punishment used a chair suspended over a body of water?

A) hulks
B) pillory
C) stocks
D) ducking stool

Question 18

A combination of which two early punishment devices resulted in both the offender's head and hands being immobilized?

A) ducking stool and gag
B) stocks and gag
C) stocks and pillory
D) pillory and ducking stool

Question 19

Which of the following was a form of punishment in early correctional history?

A) trial by ordeal
B) branding
C) whipping
D) all of these

Question 20

Which of the following early forms of punishment had a purpose of humiliating the offender?

A) gag
B) trial by ordeal
C) whipping
D) banishment

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of branding in early American society?

A) marked on their thumb with the letter "T" for thief
B) marked on their back with the letter "M" for murderer
C) none of these
D) all of these

Question 22

Which of the following is true regarding corporal punishment?

A) It tended to be the most frequently used punishment up until the 1700s.
B) It was often administered in a public forum to add to the deterrent effect.
C) These types of punishment also included purposes of retribution.
D) all of these

Question 23

During the 1600s and 1700s, ______ was another useful punishment and could mean simple exile from the country or exile to and/or enslavement in a penal colony.

A) whipping
B) banishment
C) branding
D) stocks

Question 24

During the American Revolution, British officials housed prisoners in broken-down or decommissioned vessels known as ______.

A) hulks
B) prison ships
C) floating prisons
D) bars on sea

Question 25

Who was an advocate of religious freedom and instrumental in spreading the concept of humane treatment of prisoners, specifically in Pennsylvania?

A) William Howard
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) William Penn
D) James Regal

Question 26

The ______ followed a body of laws called the Great Law, which was more humane in approach than the typical English response to crime.

A) Buddhists
B) Catholics
C) Quakers
D) Mormons

Question 27

Who published an influential treatise in 1764 titled An Essay on Crimes and Punishment, which argued against the death penalty and for the certainty rather than the severity of punishment?

A) John Howard
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) William Penn
D) Cesare Beccaria

Question 28

In addition to advocating proportionality, classical criminology emphasized that punishments must be all of the following except ______

A) retributive
B) useful
C) purposeful
D) reasonable

Question 29

Which early sheriff had the duty of prison inspector and was appalled by the unsanitary conditions he found while conducting his inspections?

A) William Penn
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) John Howard
D) John Fitzgerald

Question 30

Who created the concept of the "hedonistic calculus," which involves individuals maximizing pleasure and reducing pain?

A) Cesare Beccaria
B) William Penn
C) Jeremy Bentham
D) Samuel Wood

Question 31

What was the name of the first official prison in the United States?

A) Walnut Street Jail
B) Old Newgate Prison
C) Old State Prison
D) Jackson Street Prison

Question 32

In 1787, Benjamin Rush, the Quakers, and other reformers met together in what was then the official prison reform group, the ______.

A) Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons
B) Pennsylvania Progressive Society
C) Pennsylvania Society for Prison Reform and Progression
D) Progressive Prison Society

Question 33

In 1790, the first American jail opened called the ______ in Philadelphia, PA.

A) Walnut Street Jail
B) Coconut Grove Jail
C) Main Street Jail
D) Almond Court Jail

Question 34

Which early prison has drawn most of the attention when historians and prison buffs talk about the Pennsylvania system of corrections?

A) Western State Penitentiary
B) Sing Sing Prison
C) Eastern State Penitentiary
D) Old Newgate Prison

Question 35

In what year did the Eastern State Penitentiary open in Pennsylvania?

A) 1903
B) 1829
C) 1899
D) 1778

Question 36

Which early prison system kept inmates in solitary confinement during the evening but permitted inmates to work together during the day?

A) Pennsylvania
B) New York
C) Auburn
D) Alabama

Question 37

Why did Auburn designs tend to have much smaller cells than the Pennsylvania system?

A) Because inmates at Auburn were smaller than those in the Pennsylvania system.
B) It was an unintentional flaw in the design.
C) Because Auburn prison designers were more retributive.
D) Because inmates were allowed out of their cells on a daily basis so they could go to work.

Question 38

What system utilized inmate labor through state-negotiated contracts with private manufacturers?

A) Pennsylvania system
B) contract labor system
C) penitence system
D) vocational skill system

Question 39

Prior to the Civil War, ______ Codes required White inmates to be separated from slaves. Frequently, slaves were given harsher punishments for crimes.

A) White
B) slave
C) Black
D) southern

Question 40

Many southern states eventually abolished the ______ system and created large prison farms reminiscent of the old plantations of the South.

A) loaning
B) contributing
C) lending
D) leasing

Question 41

What type of labor arrangement was primarily used by counties and states to build roads and levees and to maintain county roads and state highways in the South?

A) slave gangs
B) chain gangs
C) farm system
D) convict system

Question 42

What was the name of the first reformatory, which opened in 1876?

A) Elmira
B) Auburn
C) Pennsylvania
D) Attica

Question 43

Who was the warden of Elmira Reformatory, who started his career in corrections as a prison guard in a state prison in Connecticut and contended imprisonment was designed to reform inmates?

A) John Howard
B) Zebulon Brockway
C) William Penn
D) Jeremy Bentham

Question 44

______ sentences include a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender. The offender is released at some point during the assigned years by the sentencing judge.

A) Determinate
B) Truth-in
C) Indeterminate
D) Representative

Question 45

Which type of sentencing consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no flexibility in terms of time served?

A) determinate
B) truth-in
C) indeterminate
D) representative

Question 46

Which prison system, considered the worst in the south and similar to the Mississippi prison system, placed inmates in charge of other inmates?

A) Maryland
B) California
C) Virginia
D) Arkansas

Question 47

Which prison era included a period of extraordinary urban and industrial growth and unprecedented social problems?

A) the Big House
B) progressive
C) conservative
D) substantial

Question 48

Which type of prison was typically made of large stones with brick walls, guard towers, and checkpoints within the facility?

A) minimum security
B) Big House
C) intermediate
D) medium security

Question 49

Which model can be described as a correctional treatment that utilizes a mental health approach incorporating psychology, biology, and criminology to treat the offender?

A) reintegration
B) restorative
C) medical
D) scientific

Question 50

At the heart of the medical model was the ______ process; everything in the medical model that followed hinged on the accuracy and effectiveness of this process.

A) punishment
B) reintegration
C) classification
D) supervision

Question 51

Which model evolved during the last few years to include identifying programs that examined external environment causes of crime?

A) medical
B) crime control
C) restorative
D) reintegration

Question 52

What 1974 report was an examination of a number of various prison treatment programs?

A) Martinson Report
B) Hoover Report
C) Knapp Report
D) Carson Report

Question 53

Which model emerged during the "get-tough movement" and incorporated longer sentences and an increased use of intensive supervised probation?

A) reintegration
B) crime control
C) medical
D) restorative

Question 54

The average time served for BOP inmates is around ______years in length.

A) 15.5
B) 10
C) 6.5
D) 4

Question 55

In late 2016, national statistics indicated that more than half (54%) of all state prison inmates were violent offenders, while nearly half (47%) of federal inmates were ______ offenders.

A) domestic violence
B) sexual
C) drug
D) white-collar

Question 56

Which of the following are the three largest state prison systems?

A) California, Texas, and Louisiana
B) Texas, Georgia, and New York
C) Texas, California, and Florida
D) Maryland, Texas, and New York

Question 57

When examining early forms of punishment and corrections, it was clearly ______ compared with punishments today.

A) barbaric
B) simplistic
C) compassionate
D) humane

Question 58

The rise of the ______ and the writings of a variety of scholars and philosophers helped shape the use of simple punishments from barbaric cruelty to corrective mechanisms indeed to reduce problematic behaviors.

A) illumination
B) enlightenment
C) brilliance
D) wisdom

Question 59

Corrections is defined as the process whereby practitioners from a variety of agencies and programs use tools, techniques, and facilities to engage in organized security and treatment functions intended to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.

Question 60

Lex talionis was the first written code of law by the King of Babylon.

Question 61

A trial by ordeal was a very dangerous and often impossible test to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused.

Question 62

One early punishment was the hulk, which was a device that constrained an individual to receive constant scolding from others.

Question 63

A banishment chair was a form of punishment that used a chair suspended over a body of water to torture inmates.

Question 64

The pillory was similar to the stock except the pillory consisted of a single large bored hole where the offender's neck would rest.

Question 65

The most widely used form of corporal punishment was whipping, which dates back to the Romans, the Greeks, and even the Egyptians as a sanction for both judicial and educational discipline.

Question 66

Indentured servants in the American colonies included only slaves as a form of punishment.

Question 67

The Quakers followed a body of laws called the Infamous Code, which was more humane in approach than the typical English response to crime.

Question 68

Charles Montesquieu wrote an essay titled Persian Letters, which was instrumental in illustrating the abuses of the criminal law in both France and Europe.

Question 69

Francois Voltaire was the founder of the classical school of criminology.

Question 70

John Howard created the Elmira Reformatory in Auburn, NY, in 1820.

Question 71

The Walnut Street Jail was established in 1790.

Question 72

Determinate sentences consist of fixed periods of incarceration with no later flexibility in the term that is served.

Question 73

The "electric telephone" was a torture device invented in Arkansas and regularly used at the Tucker State Prison Farm.

Question 74

The reintegration model was officially implemented in 1969 when the U.S. Congress authorized the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) to open correctional institutions that would use standardized processes of classification and treatment regimens within their programming.

Question 75

The term reintegration was used to identify programs that looked to the external environment for causes of crime and the means by which criminality could be reduced.

Question 76

The crime control model emerged during a "get-tough" era on crime focusing on harsher sentencing.

Question 77

The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) was initially established by Congress in 1930.

Question 78

Since the 1980s and the War on Drugs, the proportion of drug offenders has remained low, constituting more than half of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) population.

Question 79

Roughly 42% of all federal inmates are citizens of other countries.

Question 80

Roughly 14% of federal inmates are classified as being either a low- or minimum-security risk.