Deck 3: Nutrient Digestion and Absorption

Question 1

Enzyme that aids in the breakdown of disaccharides include all of the following except.

A) Sucrase
B) Galactase
C) Maltase
D) Lactase

Answer 1

Galactase

Question 2

A powerful enzyme released by the pancreas to complete the breakdown of starch.

A) Salivary amylase
B) Pancreatic lactase
C) Salivary maltase
D) Pancreatic amylase

Answer 2

Pancreatic amylase

Question 3

Allows cells to maintain reasonable consistency in chemical composition.

A) Selective permeability of cell membranes
B) Cell membrane's absolute impermeability
C) Continual action of sodium/potassium pumps
D) Facilitated transport across microvilli

Answer 3

Selective permeability of cell membranes

Question 4

Process that permits glucose passage through cell membranes.

A) Simple diffusion
B) Osmosis
C) Filtration
D) Facilitated diffusion

Question 5

Protein carrier molecule that spans the cell membrane.

A) Transport peptide
B) Facilitator
C) Permease
D) Translocator

Question 6

Movement of water from an area of lower to higher concentration.

A) Simple diffusion
B) Osmosis
C) Filtration
D) Facilitated diffusion

Question 7

Active transport process requires the expenditure of cellular energy from __________.

A) PCr
B) ADP
C) ATP
D) osmotic pressure

Question 8

Refers to the simultaneous transport of two chemicals in the same direction.

A) Symport
B) Bulk transport
C) Filtration
D) Facilitated diffusion

Question 9

Sodium-potassium pump.

A) Major osmosis mechanism
B) Major diffusion mechanism
C) Major active transport mechanism
D) Involved only in lipid digestion

Question 10

The 25-centimeter portion of the GI tract that connects the pharynx to the stomach.

A) Trachea
B) Larynx
C) Esophagus
D) Bronchi

Question 11

Stomach's volume averages _____ liters.

A) 1.5
B) 2.5
C) 3.5
D) 4.0

Question 12

The following secretions deliver fluids and digestive enzymes to degrade food particles to prepare them for absorption except:

A) synovial fluid
B) pancreatic juice
C) saliva
D) bile

Question 13

This enzyme attacks starch and reduces it to smaller linked glucose molecules and the simpler disaccharide form maltose.

A) Galactose
B) Salivary amylase
C) Lactose
D) Pancreatic lipase

Question 14

A peptide hormone released from the wall of the duodenum that controls the release of enzymes into the stomach and small intestine.

A) Hepatic lipase
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Somatostatin
D) Calcitonin

Question 15

Vitamin absorption occurs mainly by __________.

A) diffusion
B) symport
C) bulk transport
D) filtration

Question 16

__________ catabolizes complex organic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into simpler forms that the body easily absorbs and assimilates.

A) Oxidation
B) Osmosis
C) Condensation
D) Hydrolysis

Question 17

Enzymes.

A) Highly specific protein catalysts
B) Decrease the number of chemical reactions
C) Increase activation energy required for chemical reactions
D) Undergo changes when participating in chemical reactions

Question 18

Extracellular fluid becomes __________ when the concentration of nondiffusible particles outside a cell falls below the concentration inside the cell.

A) hyperosmotic
B) isotonic
C) hypotonic
D) hypertonic

Question 19

__________ is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A) Facilitated diffusion
B) Endocytosis
C) Simple diffusion
D) Coupled transport

Question 20

All of the following are examples of passive transport except __________.

A) coupled transport
B) simple diffusion
C) facilitated diffusion
D) osmosis

Question 21

Transfers hormones, neurotransmitters, and mucous secretions from intracellular to extracellular fluids.

A) Endocytosis
B) Exocytosis
C) Bulk transport
D) Coupled transport

Question 22

The four hormones that regulate digestion are:

A) gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide
B) gastrin, pepsin, oxytocin, and cholecystokinin
C) gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, pepsin, and peptin
D) cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, and norepinephrine

Question 23

A highly specific protein catalyst that accelerates the forward and reverse rates of chemical reactions without being consumed or changed in the reaction.

A) Oxidizing agent
B) Hormone
C) Enzyme
D) Condensing agent

Question 24

From the beginning to end of the gastrointestinal tract, which of the following is in the correct order?

A) Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
B) Stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine, and rectum
C) Esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, rectum
D) Rectum, large intestine, small intestine, stomach, esophagus

Question 25

High-fat foods may remain in the __________ for up to 6 hours.

A) esophagus
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) large intestine

Question 26

Passive transport of materials across the cell's plasma membrane occurs by __________.

A) facilitated diffusion
B) endocytosis
C) exocytosis
D) coupled transport

Question 27

The major sections of the large intestine include __________.

A) jejunum, ileum, duodenum, and sigmoid
B) duodenum, jejunum, and ascending
C) ascending, transverse, descending, and duodenum
D) ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

Question 28

Form when water-insoluble monoglycerides and free fatty acids bind with bile salts.

A) Low-density lipoproteins
B) Micelles
C) Pepsin
D) CCK

Question 29

What organ secretes between 1.2 and 1.6 liters of alkali-containing juice every day?

A) Liver
B) Pancreas
C) Gallbladder
D) Stomach

Question 30

The ring or valve of smooth muscle that regulates the one-way movement of food down the digestive tract.

A) Bolus
B) Constrictor
C) Sphincter
D) Gastric modulator

Question 31

Percentage of digestion (and essentially all lipid digestion) takes place in the first two sections of the small intestine.

A) 90%
B) 60%
C) 35%
D) 20%

Question 32

Finger-like structures that greatly increase intestinal surface area.

A) Lacteals
B) Alveoli
C) Portals
D) Villi

Question 33

Does not relate to lipid digestion?

A) Bile
B) Emulsification
C) Pepsin
D) Gallbladder

Question 34

The largest amount of digestion and absorption of food nutrients occurs in the __________.

A) duodenum
B) large intestine
C) jejunum
D) ileum

Question 35

Broken down by the enzyme salivary $\alpha$ -amylase (ptyalin).

A) Protein
B) Lipids
C) Starch
D) Water

Question 36

Glucose and galactose intestinal absorption.

A) Carrier-mediated active transport
B) Simple diffusion
C) Facilitated diffusion
D) Endocytosis

Question 37

Rate of fructose absorption from small intestine is __________ when compared with glucose.

A) much slower
B) significantly quicker
C) slightly slower
D) no different

Question 38

Which of the following is not a fate of amino acids in the liver?

A) Conversion to glucose
B) Conversion to fat
C) Conversion to water
D) Direct release into the bloodstream as plasma proteins

Question 39

Which statement is true about medium-chain triglycerides?

A) Medium-chain triglycerides are water-soluble lipids with 14 to 18 carbons in the fatty acid chain.
B) Medium-chain triglycerides become absorbed directly into the portal vein bound to albumin as glycerol and medium-chain free fatty acids.
C) Because medium-chain triglycerides bypass the circulatory system, they enter the lymph for rapid delivery to the liver for immediate utilization by various tissues in energy metabolism.
D) Medium-chain triglycerides increase tissue wasting and intestinal malabsorption.

Question 40

Major vitamins absorption.

A) Equally throughout the gastrointestinal tract
B) In the stomach
C) In the small intestine
D) In the large intestine

Question 41

Calcium absorption rarely exceeds __________% of amount ingested.

A) 15
B) 35
C) 55
D) 75

Question 42

Which statement is true concerning dietary minerals?

A) Extrinsic (dietary) and intrinsic (cellular) factors control the eventual absorption of ingested minerals.
B) Decreased intestinal absorption preserves the small micronutrient quantities when dietary intake of a particular mineral falls below the body's requirement.
C) Overall, the body absorbs minerals extremely well.
D) Men and women absorb equal amounts of minerals.

Question 43

Mineral absorption affected by:

A) water consumption
B) exercise intensity
C) bioavailability
D) body composition

Question 44

Contains starch that does not cause abdominal gas or colonic gas.

A) Potatoes
B) Wheat
C) Corn
D) Rice

Question 45

Substance in oat bran, bean, peas, and most fruit that causes gas.

A) Water
B) Fiber
C) Pigments
D) Minerals

Question 46

Most likely to occur with a physically active lifestyle?

A) Increased constipation
B) Enhanced gut emptying
C) Gallstone formation
D) Gastroenteritis

Question 47

Small intestine absorbs about __________% of total water ingested.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 65
D) 85

Question 48

Chronic pain in the upper abdomen without obvious physical causes.

A) Functional dyspepsia
B) Diarrhea
C) Functional epiglottis
D) Appendicitis

Question 49

The most common causes for dyspepsia does not include the following.

A) Peptic ulcer disease
B) GERD
C) Gastritis
D) Type 2 diabetes

Question 50

Lifestyle and dietary modifications that effectively counters IBS?

A) Eating large meals
B) Consuming a low-fiber diet
C) Stress reduction
D) Mineral intake

Question 51

Exercise-related GERD symptoms do not include.

A) Sour taste
B) Nausea
C) Vomiting
D) Constipation

Question 52

Osmolality.

A) Expresses in g·kg^-1
B) Expresses in Osm·L^-1
C) Expresses in SOm·L^-1
D) Expresses in m·L^-1

Question 53

Factor that does not affect gastric emptying rate.

A) Meal osmolality
B) Caloric content
C) Vitamin content
D) pH of foods

Question 54

Hepatic portal circulation.

A) Regulates circulatory transport from the GI tract
B) Regulates active transport
C) Affected more by water than bile
D) Regulates amino acid breakdown

Question 55

Too much dietary fiber usually.

A) Produces overly hard stool
B) Produces overly soft stool
C) Has no affect on human stool production
D) Delays stool production

Question 56

Athletes show susceptibility to travel-induced __________ from bacterial and viral causes.

A) lactose intolerance
B) migraine headaches
C) heart disease
D) acute gastroenteritis

Question 57

Osmotic pressure refers to the physical pressure on one side of a membrane required to prevent the osmotic movement of water from the other side.

Question 58

With swallowing, the bolus of food moves past the pharynx at the back of the mouth and enters the trachea.

Question 59

Micelles form when water-insoluble monoglycerides and free fatty acid end products from lipid hydrolysis bind with bile salts.

Question 60

After eating, the stomach usually takes 1 to 4 hours to empty depending on the relative concentration of each nutrient and the volume of the meal.

Question 61

Segmentation contractions refer to intermittent oscillating contraction and relaxation of the intestinal wall's circular smooth muscle.

Question 62

Cholecystokinin released from the wall of the intestinal duodenum controls enzyme release into the stomach and small intestine.

Question 63

Most nutrient absorption through the intestinal villi occurs by diffusion.

Question 64

Chylomicrons in the bloodstream readily move into the various peripheral tissues through the hydrolyzing action of the enzyme pancreatic amylase, which lines capillary walls.

Question 65

Each villus contains small lymphatic vessels called lacteals.

Question 66

Enzymes are unaltered by reactions in which they participate.

Question 67

Active transport does not require chemical energy.

Question 68

A diet history represents the best method to assess dietary intake.

Question 69

The water gradient determines the direction and magnitude of molecular movement.

Question 70

Filtration refers to the concentration of particles in a solution.

Question 71

Although dietary fiber negatively impacts absorption of certain minerals, consuming 20 to 30 grams of fiber daily does not significantly interfere with mineral absorption.

Question 72

Total calcium absorption from the small intestine rarely exceeds 10% of the amount ingested.

Question 73

Osmosis moves particles through a selectively permeable membrane because of a difference in the concentration of water molecules on both sides of the membrane.

Question 74

Bulk transport refers to absorption of intestinal glucose by a form of active transport.

Question 75

The liver removes the greatest portion of absorbed glucose and almost all of the absorbed fructose and galactose from the plasma.

Question 76

Distance runners and female athletes are least susceptible to diarrhea and IBS.

Question 77

Twenty minutes of light- to moderate-intensity running results in a faster fluid gastric emptying rate than cycling.

Question 78

Diverticulosis is more common in younger athletes.

Question 79

More female athletes than male athletes report GI symptoms.

Question 80

Athletes in sports that incorporate gliding such as in cycling report more GI symptoms than other athletes.