Deck 2: The Micronutrients and Water

Question 1

Several vitamins become activated from their inactive precursor form called __________.

A) provitamins
B) covitamins
C) coenzymes
D) enzymes

Answer 1

provitamins

Question 2

Sedentary adults require about 3.785 L (1 gal) of water each day to maintain optimal body functions.

A) 2 pints
B) 1 gallon
C) 2 gallons
D) 4 gallons

Answer 2

1 gallon

Question 3

The bioavailability of minerals is largely affected by __________.

A) vitamin-water interaction
B) type of exercise
C) mineral-fiber interaction
D) mineral-water interaction

Answer 3

mineral-fiber interaction

Question 4

Cells that synthesize bone are called __________.

A) osteoclasts
B) osteoblasts
C) osteocams
D) osteosynthetic

Question 5

The Dietary References Intakes (DRI) encompass all of the following standards except:

A) ESADDI
B) RDA
C) EAR
D) AI

Question 6

When no RDA exists, the __________ values may be used to determine proper consumption levels.

A) UL
B) AI
C) EAR
D) ESADDI

Question 7

A highly chemically reactive atom, molecule, or molecular fragment that contains at least one unpaired electron in its outer orbital or valence shell is a/an __________.

A) antioxidant
B) coenzyme
C) free radical
D) hydroxyl

Question 8

Which of the following is a factor that influences the amount of water lost through sweating?

A) Water intake
B) Relative humidity
C) Time of day
D) Type of activity

Question 9

Small amounts of water are lost directly from the skin's surface as __________.

A) urine
B) sweat
C) waterless vapor
D) insensible perspiration

Question 10

Differences in the relative percentage of total body water among individuals result largely from variations in __________.

A) body composition
B) race
C) ethnicity
D) age

Question 11

Which of the vitamins does the body readily excrete?

A) Vitamin D
B) Vitamin A
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin C

Question 12

Recommended daily calcium intake for adults age 51 and older is __________ mg.

A) 800
B) 1200
C) 1600
D) 2000

Question 13

As a result of exercise training, hemoglobin may become __________ in the blood.

A) deformed
B) more concentrated
C) larger
D) less concentrated

Question 14

As a result of exercise training, the percentage of water in the intracellular compartment ___________.

A) becomes reduced
B) remains the same
C) increases
D) decreases

Question 15

Risk factors for osteoporosis except:

A) cigarette smoking
B) sedentary lifestyle
C) early menopause
D) high carbohydrate diet

Question 16

Compounds that give rigidity to bones and teeth are composed of __________.

A) potassium and calcium
B) phosphorous and iron
C) iron and calcium
D) phosphorus and calcium

Question 17

__________ pose the greatest health risk if regularly consumed in excess.

A) Vitamins D and E
B) Vitamins A and D
C) Vitamins A and B-complex
D) Vitamins C and E

Question 18

The amino acid homocysteine may increase stroke and heart attack risk by __________.

A) damaging the internal layer of arterial walls
B) decreasing the risk for blood clots
C) promoting the creation of vitamins that line the arterial wall
D) decreasing cholesterol levels

Question 19

Vitamins C, E, and beta-carotene __________.

A) serve as protective antioxidant agents to blunt potential cellular damage from free radical attack
B) reduce the frequency and duration of fungal infections
C) facilitate energy metabolism during exercise
D) reduce the risk of osteoporosis

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding osteoporosis?

A) It afflicts between 5 and 10 million Americans.
B) It accounts for more than 4.5 million bone fractures yearly.
C) It represents a bone density value greater than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean.
D) It coincides with the marked increase in estrogen production associated with menopause.

Question 21

Which of the following is classified as a trace (minor) mineral?

A) Potassium
B) Chromium
C) Sodium
D) Calcium

Question 22

Calcium plays an important role in __________.

A) bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, and nerve transmission
B) thyroid activity, blood clotting, and heart function
C) blood clotting and heart function
D) heart function and thyroid activity

Question 23

The daily water intake requirement of a sedentary adult in a temperate climate equals about __________ L.

A) 0.5
B) 1.0
C) 1.5
D) 2.5

Question 24

Prolonged cessation of the menstrual cycle contributes to __________.

A) loss of bone mass
B) gain in aerobic capacity
C) increase in plasma levels of estrogen
D) development of hypertension

Question 25

Metabolic water represents the __________.

A) majority of a sedentary adult's daily water requirement
B) water contained in ingested foods
C) water required for the hydrolysis of food nutrients
D) water formed in the hydrolysis of food nutrients

Question 26

Dietary iron deficiency may cause __________.

A) osteoporosis
B) sickle cell syndrome
C) anemia
D) decreased anaerobic exercise performance

Question 27

Calcium __________.

A) forms bones and teeth when combined with phosphorous
B) is essential for blood clotting when combined with phosphorous
C) absorbs more readily with ingestion of vitamin E
D) increases skin cancer risk when deficient in the diet

Question 28

Which of the following serve as structural components of hydrogen carrier molecules in glycolysis?

A) Vitamins C and E
B) Riboflavin and niacin
C) Vitamins A and D
D) Beta-carotene and vitamin K

Question 29

Which of the following is not a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A) Being overweight
B) Cigarette smoking
C) Caucasian or Asian ethnicity
D) Frequent meat consumption

Question 30

Cessation of the menstrual cycle for at least three consecutive months is called __________.

A) primary oligomenorrhea
B) eumenorrhea
C) secondary amenorrhea
D) menses

Question 31

A true statement about free radicals and antioxidants.

A) A normal to above normal intake of vitamin E and beta-carotene may eliminate the progression of coronary artery narrowing and reduce heart attack risk.
B) Nutritive-reducing agents include vitamins D, C, and E, and beta-carotene, the vitamin A precursor.
C) Antioxidant scavenger enzymes include catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and phosphofructokinase.
D) Antioxidants exert a destructive effect on the lipid components of the cell's plasma membrane.

Question 32

The accumulation of potentially damaging free radicals is called __________.

A) oxidative stress
B) redox state
C) oxygenation enhancement
D) electron scavenging

Question 33

Superoxide dismutase __________.

A) catalyzes the catabolism of lipids within muscle
B) catalyzes the conversion of free radicals to oxygen and water
C) inhibits mitochondrial oxygen uptake
D) facilitates oxygen transfer across the alveolar membrane

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Consuming a 1000-milligram vitamin C supplement daily for 6 weeks causes undesirable changes in cellular DNA.
B) Antioxidant vitamins protect the plasma membrane.
C) Vitamin E increases prostate cancer risk.
D) Vitamins increase damage to cellular constituents.

Question 35

Foods or parts of foods that provide medical or health benefits are known as:

A) vitamins
B) minerals
C) oxidants
D) nutraceuticals

Question 36

Vitamins play an important physiologic role related to __________.

A) fluid osmolality
B) metabolic reactions
C) temperature regulation
D) diffusion

Question 37

Minerals __________.

A) regulate metabolism as part of enzymes and hormones
B) come mainly from animal dietary sources
C) occur in limited quantities in the plant kingdom
D) can catalyze metabolic reactions by themselves

Question 38

Three sources that supply the body's water needs:

A) liquids, fruits, and vegetables
B) foods, fluids, and metabolism
C) fruits, liquids, and solids
D) lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Question 39

Excess vitamin B₆ intake __________.

A) can cause liver and nerve damage
B) has no known side effects
C) accelerates osteoporosis
D) stunts growth if accompanied by excessive vitamin B₁₂ intake

Question 40

Coenzymes __________.

A) activate lipid clearance from arterial walls
B) are inactive vitamin precursors
C) are composed of fat-soluble components
D) participate in chemical reactions

Question 41

Shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovery of vitamin B₁ (thiamine).

A) Eijkman
B) Saltin
C) Bouchard
D) Asmussen

Question 42

Women consuming vegetarian-type diets __________.

A) are at a higher risk for developing iron insufficiency
B) are at a lower risk for developing iron insufficiency
C) should decrease intake of vitamin C-rich foods
D) should consume fat-soluble vitamins to increase heme iron absorption

Question 43

Maintaining a diet with recommended levels of vitamin C __________.

A) can raise serum uric acid levels and precipitate gout in people predisposed to this disease
B) reduces the risk for several types of cancer
C) reduces hypertension risk
D) decreases endurance exercise performance

Question 44

Vitamin B₁ __________.

A) facilitates pyruvate conversion to acetyl-CoA in carbohydrate breakdown
B) needs may be higher in physically active people
C) acts as a catalyst in glucose synthesis
D) serves as part of CoA that augments aerobic macronutrient breakdown

Question 45

Which of the following represents a prudent, nonpharmacologic behavioral approach to treat athletic amenorrhea?

A) Reduce training level by 40% to 60%.
B) Gradually increase total energy intake.
C) Increase body weight by 10% to 15%.
D) Decrease daily calcium intake

Question 46

Free radicals are produced by these environmental factors except:

A) cigarette smoke
B) exposure to cleaning supplies
C) environmental pollutants
D) heat and ionizing radiation

Question 47

This diet lowers blood pressure:

A) low protein
B) mineral water
C) high sodium
D) DASH

Question 48

Which of the following turns inactive enzymes into active form?

A) Vitamins
B) Minerals
C) Coenzymes
D) Trace minerals

Question 49

Cortical bone represents the __________.

A) spongy, less dense, and relatively weaker bone found in the vertebrae and ball of the femur
B) bone cells destroyed by the body
C) bone cells created by the body
D) dense, hard outer layer of bone in the shafts of the long bones of the arms and legs

Question 50

__________ represents a midway condition between normal bone mass and osteoporosis.

A) Osteomalacia
B) Osteofibrosis
C) Osteopenia
D) Osteochondrosis

Question 51

Which of the following does not represent a risk for osteoporosis?

A) Being male
B) Slight build or tendency to be underweight
C) Sedentary lifestyle
D) Early menopause

Question 52

Components of the female athlete triad include all of the following except:

A) disordered eating
B) hypertension
C) amenorrhea
D) osteoporosis

Question 53

Compared to fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins __________.

A) must be consumed regularly, usually daily or within a several-day period
B) can be routinely consumed in excess above the RDA without any health risk
C) are inorganic compounds
D) consist of vitamins A, D, E, and K

Question 54

Factors that contribute to female athlete triad include the following except:

A) amenorrhea
B) osteoporosis
C) disordered eating
D) dehydration

Question 55

Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve and are stored in the body's fatty tissues so there is no need to consume them daily.

Question 56

Consuming a true "fat-free" diet will not lead to the development of a fat-soluble vitamin insufficiency.

Question 57

Children are more susceptible than adults to developing complications from consumption of excess fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 58

Sweating, even during extreme physical activity, probably produces a negligible loss of water-soluble vitamins.

Question 59

Most individuals require salt tablets to maintain adequate sodium levels.

Question 60

Low-energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and impaired bone health are components of the female athlete triad.

Question 61

Trabecular bone represents the spongy, less dense, and relatively weaker bone most prevalent in the vertebrae and ball of the femur.

Question 62

Supplemental vitamin D can improve skeletal muscle function and muscular strength in frail vitamin D-insufficient individuals.

Question 63

Physical activity can produce reactive oxygen from an electron leak in the mitochondria, probably at the cytochrome level, which produces superoxide radicals.

Question 64

There is limited evidence to recommend for or against the use of multivitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Question 65

A deficiency of the mineral zinc can result in growth failure.

Question 66

The body manufactures just about all of the required vitamins.

Question 67

Swimming is one of the best physical activities to promote bone health.

Question 68

Approximately 100 to 200 milliliters of fluid are lost per day through water droplets in exhaled air.

Question 69

Excessive intake of milk and milk products facilitates bone loss.

Question 70

Pharmacologic approaches are considerably more effective than dietary approaches in treating borderline hypertension.

Question 71

Sodium, potassium, and chlorine are collectively called erythrocytes.

Question 72

Aldosterone is a hormone that acts on the kidneys to conserve calcium.

Question 73

Vitamin K occurs only in foods of animal origin.

Question 74

Carotenes comprise the yellow and yellow-orange pigment precursors of vitamin A that give color to vegetables (carrots, squash, corn, and pumpkins) and fruits (apricots and peaches).

Question 75

Trabecular bone represents the dense, hard outer layer of bone.

Question 76

Plasma membrane damage occurs during oxidative stress during a chain reaction known as lipid peroxidation.

Question 77

Micronutrients are molecules required in large amounts by the body and are a source of energy.

Question 78

Potassium represents the chief extracellular mineral.

Question 79

Heme iron is iron that is obtained from plant sources.

Question 80

Sodium and chloride represents the chief extracellular minerals.